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NOVEMBER, 1912

Ten Cents a Copy

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Two Interesting Examples of "L and B's** Greenhouses

Forming Part of the Educational Equipment

of Prominent Institutions

Here, there and everywhere all over this big prosperous country, institutions are
building greenhouses as an essential part of the educational equipment. No longer
are they confined to Agricultural Coljpges and Experiment Stations.

TOHNSHOPKINSUNIVERSITY at Baltimore. Md.,
J conducts a distinct horticultural course. The botanical
laboratories and experimental greenhouses are set in the
midst of a beautiful formal garden filled with countless
domestic and foreign specimen plants. Many of these are
very rare. The greenhouse work is carried on in the same
vigorous, thorough way so characteristic of this wonderful
institution.

YHE COLLEGE OF ST. ELIZABETH is a Cathohc
institution for girls, located at Convent, between
Morristown and Madison, N. J. On the campus is this
attractive group of houses where the girls have both labora-
tory work and practical greenhouse experience. The course
is somewhat like the one so ably conducted by Professors
Genung and Canning at the Smith College greenhouses
erected by us several years ago.

We will gladly give you details of both these greenhouses,
catalog, send for it.

If vou haven't our

NEW YORK

St. James Bldg.

Lord and Burnham Co.

SALES OFFICES
BOSTON PHILADELPHIA

Tremont Bldg. Franklin Bank Bldg.

CHICAGO

Rookery Bldg.

FACTORIES
IRVINGTON. N. Y.
DES PLAINES. ILL.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

227

A Parallel Proposition

A HOUSE 200 feet long on private
grounds looks too commercial, but
two 100 foot houses built parallel
fashion like these, and you have an attract-
ive, compact proposition.
Hovi'ever, it is just as you say — "the vi^ay a
house is planned depends pretty much on
where it is to be located," and for what it
is to be used.

Now that you mention the question of lo-
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and see some of the diflferent stunts we
have accomplished in locating. Many of
them were tough nuts to crack and the
catalog tells how we cracked them.
Want the catalog?

U-BAR GREENHOUSES

PIER50N U-BAR CO

About Saving Money

npHERE are times, you know,
when price is not the only
factor in landing a job.
Every once in a while a man real-
izes that it's good business to spend
money to save money.
There is much to be said strongly
in favor of a repair free house like
these iron frame ones of ours are.
Write to us.

Hitchings Z^ Co,

Write to our General Offices and Factory
Elizabeth, N. J., or

Call at our New York Office. 1170 Broadway

LILY OF THE
VALLEY PIPS

Our Stock of RUSSIAN LILY
the Valley is the Finest
Imported

of

Case
250

$6.00

Case
500
$11.00

12.00

Case
1000
B20.00

New Crop

Cold Storage — Excellent for

Christmas and Holidav

KorcinL' '. 6.50 12.00 22.00

American Pure Culture Mushroom Spawn

10 lbs. will spawn 10 square feet.
This type produces larger Mushrooms than the Eng-
lish, coming into bearing somewhat earlier, and con-
tinuing to crop for a long time. This spawn is pro-
duced by selecting spores from individual specimen
Mushrooms, and is propagated and transferred to the
bricks of manure, which, wlicn planted, produce Mush-
rooms all of one type.

Per Brick (about IH lb.') 30 cts. Per 10 Bricks, $2.40
Per 25 Bricks, $5. Per 100 Bricks, $15.

York

50 Barclay Street

Nt

ORCHIDS

We are specialists in this kind of plants. We
collect, import and grow orchids from all parts of
the world where orchids grow.

We will be glad to fill your order for one plant
or a thousand according to your requirements.

Our beautiful Catalogue and special lists on
application.

LAGER & HURRELL

Orchid-Growers and Importers

SUMMIT, N. J.

Competent Gardeners

^ The comlorls and products ol a country home ore
increased by emplo>ing a compeleni gardener; if you
want to engage on»^ write to us.

^ Please give piiriiculars regarding place and say
whether married or single man is wanted. We have
been supplying Ihom lor years to the best f)eople
everywhere. No lee asked.

PETER HENDERSON & CO.

Seedsmen 3nd Florists
33 and 37 Cortlandl St. NEW YORK CITY

228

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

MILADY

the new, red forcing rose will be dis-
seminated by us in March.

We can supply Mrs. Chas. Russell
and Mrs. Geo. Shawyer.

Our catalog covers Roses, Carnations,
Chrysanthemums, Geraniums, Cannas,
Bedding Stock, Orchids, Gardenias.
We want you to receive our catalog.
Send us a card and make sure your
address is correct on our maiHng list.

A. N. PIERSON

INCORPORATED

CROMWELL, CONN.

Let us repair your trees and
do your spraying. We have the
men that will climb high.

Why risk your lives climbing

high when we will furnish
men who do it the year round
and consequently become al-
most like squirrels in a tree ?

Send for our Free Leaflet explain-
ing our methods.

JOHN. T.wifHERS, INC.

I Montgomery St., Jersey City, N. J.

BON ARBOR

Awarded Diploma and Silver Medal at 1912
Royal Interna tioDal Exhibition, London, England

It is a complete plant food. Feed
your plants ; get results ; do it now.
Bon Arbor is favorably known every-
where it is used and it is widely
used. Such gardens as those of the
Capitol at Washington, D. C, and the Parliament Gardens,
Ottawa, Canada, and the Royal Windsor Gardens, Eng-
land, on the one side, and over 2000 country estates and
farms on the other, represent the field supplied. Show
flower and vegetable growers find Bon Arbor indispensable.

Bon Arbor is put up as follows :

$0.30
.55
1.80

}^-pound package, making 15 gallons, by mail
1-pound package, making 30 gallons, by mail
5-pound package, making 150 gallons, exp. extra.

25-pound boxes, making 750 gallons 6.25

50-pound boxes, making 1500 gallons 12.50

100-pound boxes, making 3000 gallons 20.00

Barrels, from 250 to 300 lbs., 18c. per lb.
Ask your dealer or write direct.

Ant Destroyer, Positively Kills 65c. per lb.

BON ARBOR CHEMICAL CO.

Paterson, N. J., U. S. A.

Write for descripti-
ture also Radix Worn
agricultural chemicals

catnlogue, new 1912 edition. We
Eradicator, Insecticides, Weed Kille
Special prices on large quantities.

Get the Best in All Creation

TIP-TOP
TOBACCO POWDER

FOR FUMIGATION

Refuse, Reject the Imitation
$3.00 per Bag, 100 lbs.

Money With Order

Interstate Tobacco Co.

1397-1399 AVENUE A
NEW YORK

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA

ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

Vol. XVI.

NOVEMBER. 1912.

No. 1.

The Anatomy and Physiology of the Honey Bee

By J. B. THOMPSON, Millbrook, N. Y.

^

C_5

UJ

Amid the profound, mysterious and inexhaustible pro-
fusion of life by which we are surrounded, which in-
creases to our eyes as Science leads us onward, we behold
the various manifestations of the boundless power of the
great Creator. Amid all these there is probably not one
individual subject fuller of interest, alike to the different
minds, than that of the honey bee. Philosophers have
written and poets have sung their praise, and the man of
science sees involved in the life of the honey bee some
of the most attractive problems that can possibly engage
his attention within the circle of created being.

To those who look merely on the surface of things
for amusement, there is the spectacle presented of an in-
sect community constituted under a regular government,
exhibiting various social phenomena which are not the
less attractive because they are but partially understood.

When we endeavor to classify objects in nature we sep-
arate them into three great divisions — the animal, the
vegetable and mineral kingdoms. These again are divided
into groups. In one section of the animal kingdom is the
sub-kingdom, annulosa, so called, from the insects in-
cluded in it having their bodies arranged in rings, joints
or segments articulated to each other; to this class the
honey bee belongs, and the varieties are British, Cyprian,
Italian, Syrian, Carniolan, Ligurian and Punic, or
African bee, which has been imported in recent years.

In the economy of a hive there are queens, drones and
worker bees.

We will now enter into a minute investigation of the
bodies of these, more particularly the workers, which
have neither bones nor cartilaginous framework, but
whose structure and covering is formed of a hard leathery
substance called chitine, which looks like horn but is dif-
ferent in composition, and the whole is covered externally
with a mass of hairs of eight dift^irent kinds.

The body of a bee is divided into three sections — the
head, thorax and abdomen. The head is composed of the
vertex or crown, on which are placed the three stemma,
or simple eyes. One is in front and two are at the back.
This is their natural protection from birds and small
bovs with bonnets, when inside a flower. The other
])arts of the head are the gonae or cheeks, the face
and nose on either side of which are situated the
two large compound eyes, named the ocelli, which have
one hundred and twenty facets to each, with a hair at the
junction of each facet, shapefl like an arrowhead, these
hairs protecting their eyes in place of eyelids.

Then the two antennae or feelers project from the
center of the face above the nose, and is composed of
scape and flagellum, with thirteen joints, terminating with
a round knob in which are situated the ends of the dif-
ferent nerves. These guide the bee in all its movements
on each side of which are situated the mandibles or jaws,
inside the hive in the dark. Below this is the mouth.

for kneading wax, etc., and from the mouth is the pharynx
or gullet, a tube very like an elephant's trunk in shape,
which, when at rest, is doubled under the breast, but
when in action falls as' low as the feet ; down through
this the tongue projects, and up which the bee sucks nec-
tar. At the point of the tongue is the boutong, or spoon,
covered with hairs like a brush, by which the bee col-
lects and then sucks up the sweet substance it finds in
flowers, called nectar. This nectar if collected into any
vessel would ferment, but it undergoes a process in the
honey sac of the little bee by which water is extracted
and certain acids are formed, and when regurgitated into
the cell it is honey, and will keep for any length of time.

Three thousand five hundred bees weigh one pound,
and it takes all these coming home with their honey sacs
full to make one ounce of honey, and from six to eight
pounds of bees make an ordinar)' swarm.

We come now to the second division of the body of a
bee, which has three parts — the part next the head, the
prothorax, then the mesa-thorax, and meta-thorax.

The prothorax has a thin, flexible neck connecting it
with the head. The upper side of all three is thickly
covered with downy hairs, and on the under side of the
worker they are long and feathered, for the purpose of
holding pollen. To each part of the thorax is attached a
pair of legs, and to the last two a pair of wings. Each
pair of legs differ, and those of the worker from the queen
and drone. The first pair of legs terminate with
palms, the other two with plantae or soles, with a
hollow part in the center, through which exudes an ad-
hesive secretion, by which, when they press their feet on
a smooth surface, such as glass, or upside down, they
are enabled to walk by the vacuum created. On the edge
of the palms is a row of hairs called the pecten, or
comb, by which they clean all debris and pollen from their
eyes when coming out at the entrance to the hive, and on
the outer edge of the soles they have strong claws like
the shears of a crane, by which they can hold on to
any rough surface. On the inside of all these legs are
rows of hairs like miniature scrubbing brushes, by which
they clean all their little bodies, and on the outside of the
third pair of legs they have rows of hairs which form
pollen baskets. They moisten the pollen, roll it into little
balls, place in the pollen baskets and carry home to
make the bread, as they require pollen, honey and water
in about equal proportions to make a perfect food. So
experienced bee keepers have a vessel with water, into
which they put a pinch of salt, and a vase lying on its
side, into which they keep a supply of peasemeal, as a
substitute for pollen in early spring.

We now come to the abdomen, which is the third divi-
sion of the body ; it is connected to the thorax by a short
tube, the petiole.

The abdomen is made up of six rings of chitine, which

230

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

gradually diminish toward the familiar or stinging end.
These rings on the upper side are the dorsal plates, and
those on the under side are the ventral plates ; underneath
the latter are situated the eight wax pockets, into which
the bees secrete wax by glands.

It is manufactured by them at will from honey or sugar
syrup at a temperature of about 90 degs. It comes into
these pockets like melted fat and gradually cools into little
scales, which are drawn out by a hooked spur situated
on the middle joint of the middle leg. These scales are
kneaded into the proper consistency by the mandibles and
built into honeycomb.

Scientists differ as to the amount of honey or sugar
syrup required to make one pound of wax, but all bee
keepers agree it takes a considerable amount, probably
10 pounds of honey or 8 pounds of sugar syrup to make
1 pound of wax ; hence the reason comb foundation is
used to as large an extent as possible.

The bee, like most insects, does not breathe through
the aperature in the head, but by openings called spira-
cles. There are seven of those on each side of the body,
four being on the thorax and ten on the abdomen. All
these openings are protected by hairs, and also by a
membranous mechanism that can be closed at will. These
spiracles also admit air into air sacs, by which the bee
lessens the specific gravity of its body, and is thereby
enabled to sustain a long flight with but little expendi-
ture of muscular power.

The sting consists of a dark brown chitinous sheath or
scabbard which encloses two darts or lancets. This sheath
is hollow and is cleft along one side and terminates in
an extremely thin cutting edge.

When a bee stings the sheath is first driven home, then
the lancets project farther to increase the depth of the
wound ; these two lancets are provided with ten deep
retrose barbs so that the moment the bee attempts to ex-
tract its sting these barbs open out leaving cavities by
which the poison passes into the wound.

To the base of the sting is attached the poison bag
from which the poison goes down the hollow sheath and
sting.

When a person is stung he should never attempt to
pull out the sting with their finger and thumb, as this
presses the poison out of the poison bag into the wound.
The sting should always be extracted by scraping with a
pen knife, catching the sting at the sheath and pulling it
out, and bringing all the remaining poison and bag away.

I will now give you a short description of drones
which are hatched as a first preparation for swarming.
They are males, have neither honey-sac, pollen baskets,
nor sting, are even wholly dependent on the workers for
their daily food, their only use keeping up the tempera-
ture of the hive at a critical period, and for fertilizing
young queens. When the workers decide they have no
further use for them, they withhold their food till they
become weak and then throw them out.

The queen is the mother of all ; is a long, graceful bee
with gold colored legs ; in truth, she has all the appear-
ance of a queen, being so long and beautifully formed.
Like the drones, she has no pollen baskets or honey sac,
has a curved sting, and is fed by the bees on royal jelly.
She it is that lays all the eggs, from which hatch workers,
drones or queens, and drops her eggs into the cells at the
rate of hundreds per day during the busy season. When
a queen dies suddenly, from accident or other causes, the
workers can raise perfect young queens from worker
eggs that are not more than three days old.

I will conclude this article by advising all bee keepers
to have all their hives supplied with twenty-two pounds
of winter stores not later than the second week in Oc-
tober. This enables the bees to seal all up, as unsealed
stores during winter ferment, and are the foundation of
all bee diseases except bacillus alvei. I hope to furnish
another article on "The Relation of Bees to Horticul-
ture."

Gardenia Culture

By GEORGE MASSON, Oakhurst. N. J.

The Gardenia is generally considered difficult to grow,
but such is not the case if proper care and attention is
given them.

As Gardenias have become very popular during the past
few years, a few notes on their cultural requirements will
not be out of place. Cuttings should be secured in Janu-
ary from strong, vigorous plants, the young tips oft' the
flowering shoots making excellent propagating material.

The principal requirements in the rooting of Gardenia
are plenty of bottom heat, a good porous sand, and a copi-
ous supply of water. Most of the failures to root Garde-
nias are due to an insufficient water supply. Keep the cut-
tings well spra3-ed, and in about a month's time they will
be rooted.

Directly they are rooted, they should be potted into 234-
inch pots, using at this potting equal parts of leaf soil and
loam, with sufficient sand to keep porous. After potting
they should be placed in a frame in one of the houses, and
kept close for a few days, then graduallv hardening theai
off.

Water carefully and at all times keep plenty of moisture
around. After the pots become tilled with roots, shift
into 4-inch pots, using 'a compost of equal parts of leaf
soil and loam with a sprinkling of bone meal added.

Place the young plants in a house with a night tempera-

ture of 60 degs., and where they will have plenty o[ light.
Give ventilations whenever possible, and keep them well
syringed during bright days. Treated thus, they will be
ready for planting on the bench about the first week in
June. See that the benches are scrupulously clean, and
that there is good drainage in the benches before the soil
is put in. One of the most important factors in Gardenia
culture is in the compost used. This should consist of
one part loam, one part leaf soil, and one part old cow
manure, with a good sprinkling of bone meal added to it.

The leaf soil should be about half decayed, and should
be left in rough pieces, rather than broken up. In filling
the bench, just put sufficient compost in, so that in planting
the stock out of 4-inch pots, the top of the ball will merely
be covered, the bottom of the ball being placed c^rectly
over the drainage. This is done to allow for successive
top dressings, which I think is one of the secrets of Gar-
denia culture, as by this method a veritable network of
active roots is kept near the surface.

Give the plants plenty of room, about 16 inches apart
each way, being sufficient. After planting, water thor-
oughly, and keep the plants sprayed three or four times
daily, giving plenty of ventilation at all times during the
summer months. About the last week in July, they will
be ready for their first lopdress.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

231

In mixing this compost, equal parts of leaf soil and cow
manure with a sprinkling of Clay's Fertilizer added, is
used ; whenever the roots begin to show above the surface
is the time to appl_v a little more of this material. "A
little at the time and often," is the motto.

A word in regard to pinching: Do not pinch the main
stem ; let it continue growing and it will continue giving
ofif the side shoots, which should be disbudded clear back
to the main stem, as soon as the bud shows. By this
method long stems are procured.

To produce good flowers from October on, requires
watchfulness in ventilation, watering, temperature and
cleanliness. When the buds become fairly large, syring-
ing must be reduced to about two thorough syringings a
week, which will keep the plants clean and prevent the
constant drip consequent on daily sprayings. For much

syringing has a tendency to make the buds drop, a condi-
tion to be guarded against during the fall months. When
watering, soak the soil thoroughly and then let it dry out
before more is applied.

If the soil is porous, there will be no trouble with sur-
face scum. Keep a moist atmosphere by keeping all
paths well damped down. Ventilate when the temperature
gets above 75, a little at a time. A night temperature
of 6.S degs. suits them admirably. But good Gardenias
can be grown with a night temperature of 60 degs. Keep
the plants clear of green fly and mealy bug, the former by
frequent syringings, and the latter by spraying.

The "yellows" is generally caused by over-watering.
Running a hot water pipe under the bench will tend to
dry the soil out quicker, and thus prevent the soil from
remaining soggy, a condition favorable to the ''yellows."

The Gardener at the International Show^

By CHARLES H. TOTTY, Madison, N. J.

Members of the National Association of Gardeners :

The question I wish to present to your notice is "What
part are the superintendents and gardeners of this country
going to play in the International Show, scheduled for
next April, in the New Grand Central Palace, New
York?" I think I am safe in saying that the finest plants
in the world have been imported and sold in the neigh-
borhood of New York in«the last twenty years. These
plants in the natural order of things, since they cost con-
siderable money, have been bought by your employers
and are at the present time, many of them, reclining in
the greenhouses, within easv shipping distance of New
York.

Are you going to leave them there or bring them out
next spring and let the rest of the country see stock they
have never previously had any knowledge of. We are
now working on the Final Schedule, which devotes con-
siderable to the special classes, solely for the private
growers in both plants and flowers and which in the
aggregate amounts to some $5,000 for the gardeners
alone. This is the first lime in the history of the Society
of .American Florists and Ornamental Horticulturists, to
my knowledge, that special classes have been made — the
first time that the private growers have been recognized
as a large factor in the development of horticulture, and
the fact that this Society of American Florists, which is
primarily a trade organization, is willing to do this is a
tribute to the growing force and power in the horticul-
tural world of the private gardener.

As a member of different local horticultural societies,
your response to my appeal to join with the parent body
for this show has been very generous. Practically, every
society within a reasonable distance of New York will
be represented by a silver cup or cash premium.

We also have working with us, the American Rose
Society, American Carnation Society, the Gladioli and
Sweet Pea Societies, and for once horticulture in .'\merica
presents to the world a solid front, standing together, and
it will show to the people an exhibition that will demand
recognition as being the finest achievement in the annals
of horticulture and floriculUire history in America.

j\Iy friends, it is fitting that this should be so. As the
editor of the New York World said in a recent editorial :

"When 130,000 throng to see a Flower Show in New
York, the popular vogue of flowers must be regarded as
pretty conclusively established. This is about as many

people as constitute the capacity audience at the theaters
on holidays, and the fact bears witness to the place flower
exhibitions now hold as fixed events in the Fall calendar
equally with football, the opera and the Horse Show."
The final paragraph as follows :

"But behind the vogue in this country and most sug-
gestive of all the circumstances having to do with its
popular appeal, is the confirmation the attendance at
Flower Shows gives of the true aesthetic sense, in a city
where as many of the population go to see flowers as a
world's baseball series."

I remember, and so do you, when about all the space
a flower show would get in the metropolitan dailies was
two or three lines in an obscure corner. Flower shows
and the flower industry were regarded with toleration
simply as hobbies of the rich. Today the people are awak-
ened to a sense of the value of the flower show in culti-
vating the aesthetic taste of a cit)', and we can get almost
any space we wish in the leading newspapers of the coun-
try.

An indication of this is shown in yesterday's New
York Herald, which gives ovej half a column to the Na-
tional Flower Show we are at the present time discuss-
ing.

The popularity of an undertaking, be it sport or busi-
ness or an individual, can always be determined by the
amount of space that the newspapers can be induced to
give to the same. A newspaper man has his ear to the
ground all the time watching the trend of popular
thought, moulding it ofttimes when wrongly directed and
giving it unlimited space when as a news item it is of in-
terest to the large body of our people. I am firmly of
the opinion that this Flower Show in New York is going
to set a record for attendance at a flower show in Amer-
ica.

Many of j-our employers who are connected with the
"upper crust" of New York society will be present. If
that employer sees his name in conjunction with a first
prize at the "greatest flower show .America ever had," he
will be just that much prouder of his gardener. Those of
you who are so loyal to your local shows and win prizes
know just how true this is.

The average American is content with nothing but the
best, and if the spirit of emulation between the employer
and the gardener is encouraged there is little doubt but
that horticulture will rise even more rapidly in the im-
mediate future.

There is nothing about the cultivation of plants and

232

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

flowers that can degrade a man. On the contrary, it is
the most elevating pastime that a milHonaire can spend
his time and money in following.

Those of you who saw the International Show in Lon-
don this year, or who followed it closely, could not fail
to be struck by the thousands of wealthy men who gave
their time and money generously to make this show the
glorious success it was.

Conceding that this interest is not so widespread in our
own people, still it is bound to come, and I want to see
the gardeners occupy their proper position at the head
of the procession, and there is no better place to leap with
one bound into this premier position than next spring at
the National Flower Show in New York. New York
has not had a really representative show for years. The
exhibitions have always been badly handicapped by the
many local societies that are holding their own exliibitions
at about the same time. Loyalty to his local society and a
desire that his employer (who is very often still stopping
at his country house) will see his products make the gar-
dener look after his local show first. In this case we
have a grand spring show when there will be no other
flower shows to take away the interest of the exhibits,
and I look to see the gardeners make a show worthy of
the highest praise.

Since the preliminary list was printed we have received
many handsome donations of cups, gold, silver and bronze

medals, and from the purely material standpoint of get-
ting something in exchange for one's labor, the show will
be something worth while.

As an educational feature, the society is planning to
give two lectures a day on dififerent matters pertaining to
horticulture every day during the exhibition. Felton, for
instance, whose fame is international as a color artist on
flowers and plants, will speak on "Color Harmony and
Floral Arrangement." Mr. J. K. L. M. Farquhar will
give us one of his inimitable talks on some of the gardens
of the old world. One or more American floral artists
will give lectures on their ideas of Floral art from an
American point of view, and other well-known men will
speak on difTerent phases of horticulture. In this branch
alone these lectures ought to put horticulture at least ten
years ahead.

This is not an American show alone. Some European
exhibitors are having stock especially grown and bulbs
forced in this country to give it an international flavor.

The Chicago and Massachusetts Horticultural Socie-
ties, the Shaw Botanic liardens of St. Louis, Mo., all
offer gold, silver and bronze medals for this show, as does
also the American Institute of the City of New York.

Th4 hall is large enough — the number of classes is large
enough, and every man here present this afternoon can
be. if he wishes, represented to a greater or lesser degree
in this "Teat show.

How To Grow and Plant Conifers In the Northeastern States

iCcUiiuied from October issue.)

By C. R. PETTIS, Expert in Planting, U. S. Dept. of Agri.

WHITE PINE.

The seed of white pine is the easiest to collect, and the
methods already described are the results of long experi-
ence with this species. The cones usually should be col-
lected between September 1 and 15, but the time for col-
lecting may vary over a period of six weeks.

BALS.\M.

The time for gathering balsam seed is also during the
first two weeks in Septemfeer. When fully ripe the cones
of this species fall to pieces, and therefore must be gath-
ered before maturity. They may be spread on the floor of
the curing room to ripen, when they will fall to pieces and
be ready for cleaning. They are cleaned and fanned like
white-pine seeds, with the same sized screen mesh.

NORWAY SPRUCE.

Norway spruce has been introduced from Europe for
ornamental purposes and for forest planting. The cones
should generally be collected during the first two weeks
in September, and when fresh cones are obtainable they
may be collected and cured in the same manner as white
pine.

RED PINE.

It is most difficult to cure the cones and extract the
seed of red pine. The cones should ordinarily be collected
between September 1 and 20, yet the cones on the south
side of the tree will open early and lose their seed, while
those on the north side may remain closed all winter. It
takes about two weeks in the drying room to open them,
while white pine opens in about six hours. The drying
trays should be fitted with a covering of cheese cloth over
the wire bottom, because the seeds are so small they will
fall through the wire mosquito netting. If there are only
a few bushels of cones of this species it is best to place
them in trays in the upper part of the drying room and
leave them there for several weeks while. drying other

cones, though if there are enougli to warrant it they should
be dried separately. It will be impossible to extract all
the seeds, but those which are retained at the butt and tip
of a cone are usually not fertile.

PITCH PINE.

The cones of jiitch pine may be collected during the
months of September and October. When the cones re-
main on the tree they may hold the seed for years, but
they open readily in a drying room. There is no pitch,
the seeds come out easily, and the yield is large. The
only difficult part of the process is the removal of the
seed wings, and the best way is to rub the seeds on an or-
dinary washboard before fanning.

ARBORVIT^.

The cones of arborvitje should be collected from about
September 5 to 20, and should be spread out on the cur-
ing-room floor to dry, since after they are cured the seeds
can be pounded out of the cones witliout heating. If the
cones are free from leaves the result will be clean seed.
The wings cannot readily be separated from the seed.

Hemlock cones are small and hard to collect, and the
seeds are not easily cleaned. They may be collected from
about September 5 to 20. They can be cured and dried
easily enough, because the thin cone scales soon lose their
moisture ; but unless all dirt is removed before the cones
open it will be almost impossible to separate it from the
tiny seeds afterwards. The cones need to be cured for
some time, and then will open after a few hours in the
drying room, when they will be ready for thrashing. As
in the case of red pine, the bottom of the drying-room
trays should be covered with cloth, and since the cones are
small they may spread on the floor of the curing room in-
stead of on racks.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA,

233

RED SPRUCE.

Cones of red spruce should be gathered from about
September 5 to 25. They are very pitchy and require
careful treatment, such as a frequent stirring in the curing
room to break up the pitch}- film about each cone, which
keeps them from drying and tends to stick them together
in large masses. As soon as they dry so that they will
not stick together, all dirt should be removed. This is to
obtain clean seeds, because it is very hard to separate the
dirt from the seed after the cones open; screening will not
altogether remove the particles of dirt of the same size as
the seed, and fanning will not separate particles of the
same weight. The pitch makes thrashing very irksome.

WHITE SPRUCE.

The cones of white spruce should be collected between
September 1 and 20. The treatment is the same as for
red spruce.

STORING SEEDS.

Seeds of all conifers should be stored in a cold room over
winter. Cellars or stables are not good storage places,
because in the former the air is moist and there is no free
circulation, and in the latter ammonia fumes will injure
the seed. They may be inclosed in a bag, and to be safe
from mice should be suspended from the ceiling. Or they
may be layered in boxes with moist sand and left in a place
cold enough to keep them from germinating before spring.
The sand can be sifted from the seed, which must be
sown as soon as they are separated ; otherwise they will
dry out and deteriorate rapidly. This method of layering
is called ripening by some commercial nurserymen, al-
though there is no actual ripening. Still another and a
successful method for winter storage of seed, especially
for large quantities, is by the use of tight tin cans, each
having a capacity of 50 pounds, placed in an unheated
building.

ESTABLISHING A FOREST BY PLANTING
TREES.

The right choice of species in making a forest planta-
tion of conifers is of prime importance. This choice can
be made only after full investigation of all conditions,
and before starting a nursery or beginning forest plant-
ing it is exceedingly desirable that the owner seek expert
advice from the State or the Federal Government, or
from private foresters. If only a small plantation is to be
made, or if a nursery is impracticable, the owner should
purchase the trees from a reliable nurseryman. If ex-
tensive areas are to be planted, a forest nursery should be
established.

NURSERY PRACTICE — LOCATION OF NURSERY.

The nursery should be conveniently located, either for
conditions of labor and supervision or for nearness to the
land to be planted, or for both, if possible. If the plant-
ing operations are to be extensive and suitable, conditions
can be found at a central point where faciHties for labor
and transportation are good, a permanent nursery, should
be established. But if the planting is on a small scale,
and the cost of shipping the seedlings to the planting site
is low, it will be advisable to establish the nursery con-
venient to supervision and labor. The initial cost of the
nursery will, of course, be determined largely by the quan-
tity of planting stock required and the number of years
the nursery will be in use.

A good soil is prerequisite to success, and even though
an unfavorable one can be artificially improved, great
care should be used in its selection. A rich sandy loam

soil is best. It should be further enriched with fertilizer
in an available form to be taken up easily by the young
plants. .Seed beds, particularly, must be heavily fertilized.
Expenditure for this is economy in the end, especially in
producing large numbers of trees. Experiments with
commercial fertilizers have not been carried far enough
to determine the best for use on seed beds. It is known,
however, that ground-bone meal, as a top dressing, has
severely injured one-year-old spruce seedlings. Well-
rotted barn manures probably are best if they do not con-
tain live weed seeds. A compost heap should be made each
year and allowed to rot three years before it is used. This
can be arranged by having three piles, so that when one pile
is used another one is made. All fertilizers will probably
be improved by the addition of imleached hardwood ashes.
The ground should lie so that water will not stand on it
in winter and spring, but on the other hand should not
slope so that the beds and paths will be washed or gullied.
.A. northern exposure has an advantage over others in that
the frost does not go out of the ground so early in the
spring that it will freeze later and thaw again, and so
heave the plants out of the ground. This heaving out
results in loss unless these seedlings are promptly reset be-
fore the roots dry out from exposure to sun and wind.
The nursery might be placed to decided advantage in a
sheltered spot so that the ground will be protected from
drying winds in hot weather, and from winter winds that
would blow the snow away when it is needed as a protect-
ive covering.

Water for irrigation or sprinkling is at times a neces-
sity and if it can be had at a small outlay the cost of rais-
ing the young trees will be lessened and the assurance of
success greatly increased. If care is taken to select a
place not overgrown with weeds it will save much money
and labor in future cultivation. \\'eed seeds may be killed
bv burning brush on the site. The ground should be
turned in the fall preceding the first spring planting, or
better still, might be used in growing potatoes the first
year in order that the soil may be thoroughly worked up.

Wherever the nursery is located, it should be well
fenced. Woven-wire field fence is best, because with it
snow will tend to lie on the level rather than to drift, as
it does with a picket or board fence.

AREA OF NURSERY.

An area of approximately 1% acres will annually pro-
duce 75,000 four-year-old transplants, yet if it is possible
to secure, at a reasonable cost, half as much more land,
or nearly two acres, this will permit a rotation of crop
every two years with the same annual output. In other
words, two-thirds of the nursery will be in trees, while a
soiling crop is grown on the other one-third. Every year
a different division of the nursery will be sown to some
other crop to iminove the soil, so that every third year
the rotation will I)i.- complete and the soil crop be repeated
in each division.

Both see<llings and transjilants may be raised in forest
nurseries, but transplants are generally the more desirable
for forest planting. The object of transplanting is to de-
velop a stronger and more compact root system. One
transjilanting is ordinarily sufficient to produce sturdy
stock for use on sites requiring stronger plants than seed-
lings. In this bulletin two-year-old seedlings are untrans-
planted trees two \ cars old, and four-year-old transplants
arc four-year-old trees once transplanted.

GROUND PLAN.

After the site and extent of the nursery have been de-
cided, beds should lie laid out and paths and roads located.
Should the nursor_\ work be limited to a few beds, the
best and most convenient place for them would be in one
corner of a garden. But a large nursery should be laid

234

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

out in the shape of a long rectangle with a road length-
wise through the middle.

A definite plan should be charted before work begins,
in which seed beds and transplant beds are arranged most
effectively for s)'stemat!C work and convenience, for beds
cannot be shifted until the trees in them are ready for re-
moval.

If it is decided to raise four-year-old transplants, which
are to be in seed beds two years, the nursery should have
two distinct parts equal in size, each to contain both seed
beds and transplant ground. The seed beds in one divi-
sion should be large enough to supply seedlings for the
transplant area in that division. After the nursery be-
comes fully established, there will be first-year seed beds
in one division and transplants in their third year ; in the
other division second-year seed beds and transplant beds
with trees transplanted the year before and now in their
fourth year. Hence, when the transplants in one division
of the nursery are four years old and ready for forest
planting, the seed beds in that division will furnish two-
year-old seedlings for transplanting to that portion of the
nursery from which the four-year-old stock is sent to the
field. Thus, all the new work each year is confined to one
division. In a nursery where three-year-old stock is
raised, it will not be possible to divide the nursery equally

in this way, and there may be other differences, since one-
year-old seedlings may be transplanted and grown two
years as transplants, or seedlings transplanted at two
years and held one year as transplants, before they are set
out in the permanent plantation.

SEED BEDS,

After the ground for the seed beds has been properly
enriched it should be spaded thoroughly and cleaned of all
debris, such as sods, roots, sticks, and stones, and the
earth pulverized. The seed beds should have their long-
est direction nearly east and west; this will secure a mov-
ing shade from lath frames which are placed over the seed
beds. The beds should all be of like size, and preferably
4 feet wide and either 6 or 12 feet long. If the nursery is
small and is to be cared for by one person, 6-foot-long
beds are best, because one person can, without assistance,
remove and replace the lath shade-frames, but 12-foot
beds are better and more economical for large nurseries
where there will be two men at hand to move the frames.

The seed beds must be in the best drained part of the
nursery to prevent "damping off," a fungus disease that
attacks the young seedlings when moisture is excessive.
The bed should be raised about four inches above the
path and its surface rounded off slightly, so that the center
will be about one inch higher than the outer edges.

What Becomes of Left-Over Blossoms and Plants

By KATHARINE PAUL.

"What becomes of all the flowers from fashionable
weddings and coming out receptions?" asked a woman
the other day. She was visiting New York from one of
the smaller towns and was impressed by the lavish dis-
play of floral decorations at a church wedding. The
same query, asked seventeen years ago, led to the foun-
dation of a new activity on the part of the National Plant,
Flower and Fruit Guild. The Guild has obtained the

vendor, but they have been wisely and impartially dis-
tributed. Their first mission carries out their second
mission of bringing hope and cheer to the sick poor of
the city steadily increased year by year.

During the year 1910 not less than 32,000 bunches of
flowers, first used as decorations at fashionable weddings
or sent to societv favorites when making their first bows,
ha\-e I'rrr rnrif-l'- ■■1 and svstematicallv sent out

privilege of free transpoi uitiuii fur as much as twenty
pounds of its fruits and flowers for a distance of 100
miles — a privilege which it still holds — but had not then
realized the enormous waste of beautiful blossoms in the
city itself.

Since that question was propounded in 1894, the
flowers from all the large social affairs in New York and
other cities have neither gone to waste nor have they been
sold by unscru])ulous servants to the itinerant street

through the guild to the homes of the poor and sick and
the toilers of the "long day," to whom the blossoms al-
ways bring a message of encouragement and hope.

Not very long ago the head worker of one of our set-
tlement houses of the upper West Side heard of a pitiful
case of illness and death. She telephoned to the guild for
"a few flowers to lighten the gloom" of the sordid home
where blossoms were a rare treat. That very day the guild
had received word that tiie flowers from an afternoon re-

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

235

ception were at its disposal, and a great cluster of roses,
fresh from the hands of a lovely girl whose life had been
sheltered and pleasure loving, were sent to the mother
of the child whose short years had known nothing but
hard work.

In writing to the guild of the flowers and the blessing
they brought to that stricken household, the head worker
said :

"When I took your flowers to the home — two rooms
on the top floor of a tenement in the most congested dis-
trict of the city — I did not see one of God's flowers ;
there was only a set wax piece, such as some of our flor-
ists delight to display in their windows. Tears streamed
down the cheeks of the mother as I handed your flowers
to her, and they stayed with her after the funeral and
comforted her, I know."

During the months of November and December, 1911,
through the courtesy of the members of the Junior
League of New York City, no less than fifteen thousand
bunches of flowers found their way from the mansions
of Fifth avenue to the homes of the tenement dwellers
on the East Side and to equally poor homes in old Green-
wich Village. In many cases the flowers were sent to
crippled children (and there are many such in this big
city) who will never be able to gather a flower them-
selves. To these poor little things lovely orchids and
violets and lilies were indeed a rare sight, even in the
florists' windows, and to them the idea of handling and
owning such beautiful blossoms was most wonderful.
The New York Transfer Company generously placed a
wagon and two helpers at the disposal of the Guild. The
drivers are always interested in taking the flowers — to
the children especially, and no "tip" other than a bunch
of roses is ever given or expected.

From the Roosevelt-Alexander wedding in June, 1910,
the flowers were sent both from the church and from the
reception. Four helpers divided the great masses of
glowing blossoms as evenly as possible, and each box,
properly labeled by the guild, was safely transported to
its destination. Fourteen institutions were supplied with
a wealth of flowers which some years ago would have
faded a few hours after serving their first purpose, but

which, through the guild's system, gave pleasure to thou-
sands of weary toilers.

From the most notable wedding of 1910 — that of Miss
Vivian Gould to Lord Decies — the guild had the privilege
of distributing the church flowers. Five thousand
bunches were sent to tenement homes, to hospitals and
to mission churches. Mr. McConnell, the florist, gave
the guild the use of his big vans and his men to transport
the flowers from the church to No. 70 Fifth avenue, the
office of the guild, and it was long after nine o'clock that
night before the last box had been delivered.

In addition to the cut flowers, one hundred potted white
flowering lilacs and daisies were sent to institutions hav-
ing a yard space, where each recurring year a reminder
of this international marriage will blossom, and blossom
again.

On the big covered roof of the East Side School for
Crippled Children 180 youngsters had a "Flower Day"
last spring. The auxiliary branches of the Guild scat-
tered throughout New York State and some through New
Jersey responded generously to the cry of the children for
"flowers," and for two days big crates, huge boxes and
enormous baskets packed high with blooming beauties
arrived.

The work of the guild brings it into contact with the
poorest of the poor — in homes where luxuries are un-
known, and where the occupants need all the light and
cheer that the "other half" can give them. If in summer
the advent of flowers is hailed with joy, think what pleas-
ure they must bring in the dreary cold of winter.

The guild is a co-operative charity and supplements
charitable and mission work. It is supported entirely by
voluntary contributions. Each year its field broadens,
and it now has over two hundred institutions on the re-
ceiving list of the New York branch.

NATIONAL FLOWER SHOW

NEW YORK

APRIL, 1913

XvA/o Important INew/ Rerns

THE GLORY FERN

.:<H'^Sb.

M

JteM^^*^

Adiantum Farleyense Gloriosa

(RuKm von MordrecKt)

An easy-growing form of that moat beautiful of all Maiden-
Hairs, Adiantum Farleyense. This new variety, which is identical
in every particular, has a stronger constitution and may be suc-
cessfully grown under the same conditions as any ordinary form
of the Maiden-Hairs, a decided and great advantage, which will
assure its widespread popularity.

&

^^-v-;:?^M

f A

m-A^ '"^^

P° Ci^RfcfislB^nL ^

FINE PLANTS.

5^^9IDh^''v^

2',4 inch pots 25 cts, each, $2.50 per dozen

8 " " 50 " •' 6.00 "

4 " " 75 " " 7.50 "

^P

;^|t^;J^ '\. '':^;.^

THE NEW CRESTED HOLLY-FERN

Cyrtomium Falcatum Rochfordianum

1

"T^ LLm^^^^H^k^ il

Next to the Boston Fern and its varieties, the Holly-Fern is the
moat satisfactory for apaitiucnt use, and this new variety has
already made a place for its. -If in the first rank as a decorative
plant. Its foliage is of a rich, glossy, dark green; the pinnae, or
leaflets, besides being wavy cr undulated on the edges, are also
deeply cut or toothed, g-ivintr the plant in connection with its
raassiveness a graceful and hght appearance,

STRONG 4 INCH POTS, 2j CENTS EACH; $2.50 PER DOZEN.

DREER'S GARDEN BOOK, a complete catalogue of Plants.
Bulbs. Seeds, etc., mailed ir.o to all applicants who mo-^tion this
publication.

HENRY A. DREER

7 14 CHestnut Street PKiladelphia. Pa.

GLORY FERN,

ADIANTUM FARLEYENSE GLORIOSA.

236

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

MORRIS CO. FLORISTS' AND GARDEN-
ERS' SOCIETY.

The seventeenth annual flower show of
the Morris County Gardeners' & Florists'
Society, was held in Assembly Hall, Madi-
son, October 31 and November 1. This
society, having amongst its members some
of the most noted growers in the country,
always exhibits particularly high class
stock in Roses and Chrysanthemums and
this year the standard of culture was raised
several points more. The quality of the
'mum flowers was simply marvellous. The
variety that showed most prominently in
the hall was Wm. Turner. This huge ball
of flufl'y white was the attraction of all
eyes in several classes.

The two premier classes in 'mums wliich
were 36 in 6 varieties and 24 in 4 varieties,
short stems, were won by W. H. Duckham,
gardener for ]Mrs. D. Willis James, Madison,
N. J., and A. A. Macdonald, gardener for
Jas. B. Duke, Somerville, N. J., the former
winning first and the latter second in each
class. The six vases of Mv. Duckham's ex-
hibit were: Wm. Turner, Hon. Mrs. Lopes.
Pres. Viger, Pockett's Crimson, Onunda, and
Mrs. H. Stevens. Mr. Macdonald's most
notable vases were: Wm. Turner. Pockett's
Crimson, W. Mease and Mary Donellan.

The 24 vases, 24 distinct varieties, that
Mr. Duckham secured first with are as
follows: Mrs. David Sy me, Onunda, Pres.
Viger, W. M. Moir, G.Lock, Mrs. Gilbert
Drabble. Hon. Mrs. Lopes, Annie L. Angus.
Reg. Vallis, Mary Mason, Mrs. O. H. Kahn,
Alice Lemon, Beatrice May, Woodmason,
Wm. Turner, Mrs. G. C. Kelly, D. V. CVane,
Naceur Bay, Mrs. H. Stevens, Pockett's
Crimson. Lady Hopetoun, Harry Converse,
Louiseau Rosseau, Mrs. E. D. Foote.

The most notable flowers in Mr. Mac-
donald's 24 were: Annie L. Agnus, Wm.
Turner, Mrs. Lopes and Pockett's Crimson.

Eighteen flowers, 6 varieties, was won by
Ernest E. Wild, gardener to C. W. Hark-
ness, Esq., Madison, N. J. Mr. Wild is a
comparatively new exhibitor, but he staged
some i-emarkable flowers in several classes.
His exhibit of 3 flowers each of varieties
contained: Pres. Viger, Wm. Turner, .\jice
Lemon, Mrs. D. Syme and G. Lock. Second

prize in this class was won by John Down-
ing, gardener to Dr. D. H. McAlpin, of
Morris Plains, N. J. The best of Mr. Down-
ing's flowers were Mary Mason and Wm.

In the class calling for 10 flowers each,
white, yellow and pink. Mr. Harold B. Vyse,
gardener for the Whitney Estate, Morris-
town. X. J., and Mr. A. A. Macdonald, di-

Coutcsy of Stumfyp & Walters Co.

VEGETABLE EXHIBIT BY ROBERT E. TYSON, SUPT. ON TWOMBLY EST.\TE.
.AW.ARDED FIRST PRIZE AT MADISON', N. J., OCTOBER 30, 191J.

Turner. The third prize in this class, which
was strongly competed for, was won by
Peter Duff, gardener to Mrs. -I. Crosby
Brown, Orange, N. J.

The class for 12 flowers, 12 varieties. 1
vase, brought out a beautiful exhibit. The
first prize was won by A. A. Macdonald;
second prize by Jas. Eraser, gardener to
0. H. Kahn, Esq., Morristown, X. J., and the
third to Mr. John Downing. Pretty much
the same varieties were represented in this
as in previous classes, all being novelties of
tlu' past three or foin- years' introduction.

STACK SETTING OF 'MUMS EXHIBITED BY < IIAKI.KS II. TOTTY. M.ADISON. N. T.

vided lionors. The varieties most strongly
represented in this section were Mary Donel-
lan and Beatrice May.

In the class calling for 3 vases, 6 flowers
each, pink, yellow and white, Mr. Mac-
donald scored first prize.

The class calling for 12 flowers, 12 distinct
varieties on short stems, bi'ought forth a
marvellous display of bloom, and the first
prize was won by Ernest Wild whose won-
derful flowers have been previously men-
tioned. Second prize. Mr. Peter Duff, and
third prize, J. Lindabury, gardener for
Robert D. Foote, Esq., Morristown, N. J.
Mr. Wild's .flowers in this class were: Wm.
Turner, JIi-s. G. C. Kelly, Lady Hopetoun,
Alice Lemon, G. Lock, Onunda. Hon. Mrs.
Lopes, Jlrs. David Syme, Pres. Viger, Mrs.
H. Stevens, Mary Mason, Woodmason. The
most conspicuous varieties in Mr. Duff's en-
try were Woodmason and Mrs. Gilbert
Drabble.

Competition was particularly keen for the
Stumpp & Walter prize, for 6 flowers in 6
distinct varieties. The first prize was won
by Jas. Fraser; second prize. Henry Gaut,
gardener for H. L. Pratt. Glen Cove, L. I.,
and the third by Harold B. Vyse. The
most remarkable flowers in this exhibit
were: F. E.Nash, Mrs. 0. H. Kahn, Mary
ilason and AVm. Turner.

In the class calling for 6 flowers of white,
Chas. Barbanes, gardener for Dudley Olcott,
Normandie Heights, Morristown, N. J.,
scored first with very fine Mrs. David Syme.
Six yellow, Jas. Fraser with Yellow Miller.
.Six pink, same exhibitor with Wm. Duck-
ham. Six crimson. J. Lindabury. with
Pockett's Crimson. Six bronze, Mr. Fraser,
first with Glenview.

Class calling for Vase of flowers with
other foliage, arranged for effect, was won
by Mr. Eraser, who made a beautiful ex-
hibit of Beatrice Slay, with asparagus and
autumn foliage. Second prize was captured
by !Mr. ^Macdonald. who used small flowers
and had a heavier foliage effect.

In the display of Pompons number of

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

237

vases not to exceed 10, Mr. H:imilton S'colt,
gardener for C. W. McAlpin, Esq., Morris-
town, N. .J., won first.

The single classes brought out a large and
beautiful exhibit in which Mr. Alex. Mac-
Kenzie, gardener for Percy Chubb, Ks<i..
Glen Cove, L. I., was the principal winner.
His exhibits in several single classes were
wonderfully fine and contained, among
others, the following varieties: .lessie
Curtis, Merstham Jewel, Laurie Hearn.
Metta, E. Xottell, Crown Jewel, .\lex. Row-
bottom and Hilda.

The "Largest Flowers in the Show" Class
was won by Mr. Wild with a flower of Mrs.
H. Stevens.

In the Commercial Classes Chas. H.
Totty, Madison. N. J., secured first in all
sections with 10 white — Mrs. David Syme,
10 yellow — Mary Donellan, 10 pink —

I'ierson, Cromwell, Cunii.. which was
awarded a Certificate of .\.erit.

In Carnations the class for 25 pink first
prij^e was won by \Vm. Duckham, with 2.5
Mrs. C. W. ^\■ard, who also won first for
2.") white with Wodenethe. C. H. Totty.
won first for 2.1 red with Commodore and
first for 25 any other color with Benora.

In the 12 cla.sses Mr. Duckham, Jlr. Wild
and Mr. Reid, the latter gardener for
Sydney Colgate, Esq., Orange, N. J., divided
the honors. Special exhibits in this section
that were awarded certificates were the
new varieties — Northport — shown in ex-
cellent shape by C. H. Totty and Jas. Cock-
croft, of Northport, L. I., and Commodore
by C. H. Totty, also the new white variety
Matchless, exhibited by The Cottage Gar-
dens Co., Queens, L. I. Scott Bros, for Wm.
Eccles.

GROfP OF UUClllljS AM.i li'l
ESTATE.

AW..\RbElJ SPECIAL PRIZE.

J I I UK JAMES

Reginahi \"allis, and 10 any other color —
Mrs. O. II. Kahn.

The Rose exhibits, while not particularly
numerous for a town called ■'ITio Rose
City," were yet sufficient to fill a table 40
feet long and the quality of the llowers
was superb. The finest Rose on exhibition
was C. H. Totty's Mrs. Geo. Shawyer, which
was shown on five-foot stems, in magni-
ficent condition, towering over the Meauties
and everything else exhibited. This Rose
won first for 25 pink Rose any undis-
seminateil variety and the special prize of
Badgley, Riedel & Meyer for the best vase
of Roses, any variety except. American
Beauty.

The Beauty classes were won by L. A.
Noe, Esq., of Madison. N. J., with excellent
flowers, h. B. Coddington, Murray Hill,
N. J., secured first for 25 Killarripy; first
for 25 Richmond; first for 25 white Kil-
larney. and first for 12 My Maryland. He
also secured first for 25 yellow Rose, with
Mady Hillingdon. In the class for 12
yellow first prize was won by Jas. Eraser
with Sunburst. Wm. Mnlmichael, gardener
for C. A. Work, Esq., Madison. \. ■!., won
first for 12 pink Killarney, and I.. .\. Noe
first for 12, any other white.

In the Rose section mention must be m;tde
of a splendid exhibit of Milady from .\. \.

The competition for "Grouj) of 'Miim
Plants in Flower, Arranged with Foliage
and Other Flowering Plants for Effect"
brought out tlirce entries. Mr. H. B. Vyse
scored first; Mr. John Downing, second, and
.Vlr. A. A. Macdonald, third.

The specimen 'mum plants in flower, al-
ways a ?i)len(lid feature in this show, was
even better than ever this year. IMr. Peter
Duff won first for jellow with Mrs. R.
Hooper Pearson, white with Garza, and
crimson with F. T. Quittenton. Mr. Robert
Tyson, gardener for ^Irs. H. McK. Twombly.
Convent. N. J., had a splendid plant of
Mrs. J. Tranter, on exhibition.

In the Single Stem Pot-Plants Mr. ifac-
donald secured first in the class calling for
12 single stem pot-plants, with a handsome
lot of plants. Mr. Peter Duff won second
and Mr. II. 13. Vyse, third. These were a
splendid feature of the Show and much
admired.

Mr. Macdonald. as was to be expected
a man of his reputation for grape growing,
captured all promiunis for greenhouse
grapes.

The general effect of the flowers in the
hall was very fine. C. 11. Totty had a long
mi-foot table arranged with new singles,
which was one of the priiicijial features of
the exhiliiticin. lie al-o made a beautiful

and MUich admired exhibit of 'mums in pflts,
comprising a lot of newer varieties, es-
pecially adapted for pot culture. The same
exhibitor had "Not for Competition" a
splendid vase of Mrs. Gilbert Drabble 'mum,
a new variety that will give Wm. Turner
a very hard run when generally distributed.

In "the Orchid Class the Special Society
Prize for table, four feet in diameter, of
Orchid plants arranged with fern ))lants,
the first prize was won by Wm. Duckham,
and second prize by John Jones, of Convent,
N. J.

The vegetables, which are always a good
feature of this grand show, were splendid
this year. In the class for collection of 12
vegetables, 12 varieties, the first prize was
won by Robert Tyson with an exhibit most
beautifully arranged of clean, good stock
that would probably have scored his first in
any show. Mr. Macdonald scored second in
this class with another very fine entry.
Mr. Eraser also had a splendid entry in this
class, but did not score an award, as did also
Henry Gaut. Mr. Macdonald scored first
for collection of vegetables, 8 varieties, and
Jlr. Fraser, second.

The show as a whole was a very great
success, not alone in the splendid quality of
flowers but also in attendance, which was
better than any previous year at this show
anil its members feel very much encouraged.

The judges were : Eugene Dailledouze,
nalbush, N. Y.; Wm. Turner, Oceanic,
X. J., and Albert Jlillard, Riverdale-on-
lludson, N. Y.

THE WESTCHESTER AND FAIRFIELD
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The second annual flower show of the
society was held in Germania Hall, New
Koihelle, November 7, 8 and 9, 1912. The
li:ill. one of the largest in Westchester
( ounty, was more than filled up, Chrysan-
tlii'inumus, of course, being in the majority;
(piality and quantity could be seen in a)l
the different classes, causing the visitoijs
to wonder at the magnificent display — tl^e
results of the (^are and skill of the best
gardeners in the country. James Stuart.;s
group of flowering' and, foliage plants wits
simjily splendid, well deserving its bli^e
ribbon. -Jshiv. F. Burns, won first honoijs
with orchids;' the Geo. E. Baldwin Ctf..
Mamar.oncck;, w<.>.re awarded a Certificate qf
Merit for a grand display of orchid plants
in bloom. Chas. H.. Totty's new rose, Mrg.
Geo. Shawyer, created a sensation, and tl^c
same may be said of A. N. Pierson's MiladV.
both receiving a Certificate of Merit. Nortlj-
port. J. D. Gockcroft's new carnation won
the Certificate, of Merit for best novelty.
Scott Bros, and Fraendly & Shenck win-
ning fir.st prizes' with their sterling new
varieties. Anthon ". S, Peterson, of New
Hochelle, was awarded a Certificate of Merit
fcir a flue display 'of evergreen. Scott Bros.
ami Thos. Mehaii & Son received a special
mention for their display of Singles and
Pompons, some vers' fine varieties being
c-pocially noticed in Scott's collection of
Singles.

P. W. Popp received honorable mcntiop
for a fine vase of Dahlia^. Geisha, as did
(has. Totty for a vase of new singles,
( hrysanthemums.

The full list of winners is as follows:
W. J. Sealey, one first and one second; E.
MacKenzie. seven firsts, four seconds;
James .Mtchison. five firsts, eight seconds:
Thomas Aitchison, silver cup, bronze medal,
seven firsts, nine seconds: A. Bieschke, gold
metal, two thirds; James Stuart, eight
firsts, two seconds: A. Paterson, seven
firsts, two seconds: John F. Burns, silver
medal, bronze medal, four firsts, five

238

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

seconds; G. C. Allan, one first, one second;
W. llaginnis, one second; A. L. Marshall,
five firsts, two seconds; J. B. Roy, one
second; Mr. Eyan, one first; N. Stantiford,
one second; James Foster, two firsts, two
seconds; P. W. Popp, three firsts, one
second, bronze medal ; Mr. Bell, one first,
two seconds; W. Smith, one first; R. Allen,
two firsts; Wm. Cohen, one first; D. S.
Miller, two silver cups, one gold and two
silver medals, two firsts, one second; Oscar
E. Addor, one first; A. E. Townsend, three
firsts, two seconds; A. Wynne, two firsts,
two seconds; A. Peterson, one first, one
second; A. Geddes, three firsts, three
seconds; M. Glendon, one second; A. Allius,
two firsts, one second; H. Gant, one second;
W. S. Hitchcock, silver medal, one first and
one third; Paul Dwenger, one second; Mrs.
Pitt, silver cup, two firsts; Miss Eixen, one
third; Mrs. L. Richard, one second.

A special feature of the show was the
table decorations by gardeners on Novem-
ber 8. Theo. Aitchison, unanimous winner
with a simple but beautiful display; H.
Gaut, of Glen Cove, a good second. On
November 9, for ladies, amateur, table
decoration, Mrs. Pitt was an easy first,
Mrs. Richard, second, and Miss Rixen, third.
Mrs. Pitt winning as first a splendid silver
cup, donated by W. F. Leary, of New
Rochelle.

At the regular monthly meeting held in
Greenwich, Conn., on Friday, November 15,
a temporary report of the show was read
by the secretary, showing that financially
also the show was a grand success.
Nominations for officers for next j'ear were
made at this meeting, the regular election
to take place at the December meeting.
OSCAR E. ADDOR,
Cor. Sec'v.

OYSTER BAY HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

The regular monthly meeting of the
Oyster Bay Horticultural Society was held
in the Board of Trade rooms, November
5, at 8 p. m.. President James Duthie in
the chair.

Mr. John Grant and Mr. John Milne were
elected to active membership. Messrs. J. T.
Ingram, John Sorosick and A. Walker
acted as judges. For points competition
Jos. Robinson got 86% points for four
vases of roses. Mr. Frank Petroccia re-
ceived a cultural certificate for a collection
of vegetables which were very fine. The
gentlemen gave very interesting talks on
the ways and means they grew the ex-
hibits. President Duthie gave a very able
address on roses grown on own roots and
grafted stock, which was greatly enjoyed
by all present.

YONKERS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

There was a large attendance at the
above society's meeting, held in Hollywood
Inn on Friday, November 15. The principal
business was the nomination of office bear-
ers for 1913. The following were appoint-
ed; President, W. W. Waite; vice-presi-
dent, J. Canning; secretary, H. Nichols;
treasurer, W. Wright; corresponding and
financial secretary, W. Mills; executive
committee, T. Mahoney, R. Eennison, R.
Cochrane and E. Miller.

It was decided to form a bowling club
in connection with the society, and as
soon as the committee can engage alleys
the members will begin practice.

Tlie next regular meeting will be held
on December 6. when a full report of the
fall show will be read.

WILLIAM MILLS.

BEES AT THE PANAMA-CALIFORNIA
INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION.

Among the many unique features of the
Panama-California Exposition in San Diego
there is being planned an open air bee keep-
ing exhibit to be installed on the exposition
grounds, where there will be fully equipped
apiary with honey house, extractor and
tanks with everything necessary to illus-
trate just how bees are managed, and how
all of the operations attendant upon the
production and removal, packing and ship-
ping of honey are carried on. The exhibit
will also include a comb honey apiary and
a queen bee rearing apartment, containing
representatives of all of the varieties of
bees of commercial importance and the
methods employed in raising and introduc-
ing the improved strains of honey
gatherers.

The idea of such an exhibit is the out-
come of recent meetings of the honey pro-
ducers of Southern California, notably of
San Diego County, where it was thought
that a more widely disseminated knowledge
of the advantages of California as a bee
raising country would prove of profit to
tho.se who are seeking fresh fields and pas-
tures new for legitimate enterprise requir-
ing limited capital, as well as of educa-
tional advantages to those already engaged
in the business.

A novel feature of this exhibit will be
plants of all the cultivated honey plants
growing. The canyon will be utilized in
producing a natural mountain honey range
with all the native wild plants so famous
in California growing and in full bloom,
yielding their nectar to the energetic little
creatures whose business in life is to lay
up sweetness.

Lily of the Valley

NEW CROP JUST ARRIVED

MARSHALL'S MATCHLESS DRESDEN PIPS—
Extra strong pips producing flowers with 15 to 20
bells. Price, $2.50 per 100; $22.00 per 1,000.

BEST BERLIN PIPS— Extra selected stock for forcing.
Price, $2.00 per 100; $18.00 per 1,000.

Cold Storage Pips

Marshall's Dresden . . $3.00 per 100; $25.00 per 1,000
Berlin Stock Selected . $2.25 per 100; $20.00 per 1,000

WE ARE SHIPPING NOV. 30TH FOR CHRISTMAS BLOOM

W. E. MARSHALL & CO. seeds, bulbs and plants

166 West 23d Street, New York

Here, There and Everywhere

Now is the time to com-
KEEPING UP THE nience feeding the milk cows,
MILK YIELD. says P. M. Brandt, ofthe Mis-

souri Agricultural Experiment
Station. It is true the grass is still green, but it has not
much feeding value. A cattle feeder does not think for a
moment of finishing off a bunch of steers on this fall grass.
Why should a dairyman expect the cows to maintain their
milk yield on it? Butter fat is scarce. The price is high
and is going higher. It will pay to produce more butter
fat, but it cannot be done by feeding cows fall grass, corn
stalks and timothy hay. It is also a mistake to neglect
the cows for a few weeks, intending to make amends by
liberal feeding when winter comes. It is important that
the milk yield never be allowed to decline. It is almost
impossible to bring a cow back to her normal flow after
it has been permitted to decline. It is important that fall
feeding be commenced now before the milk flow is cut
down by short grass and scant feed. Those who are for-
tunate enough to own a silo should give each cow about
25 pounds of silage a day. Every cow should have all the
clover, alfalfa, or cowpea hay she will clean up. This will
amount to about 10 pounds a day if the silage is fed. If
silage is not fed, more hay should be given. It is well to
remember that cowpea hay is one of the cheapest of dairy
feeds. Cows giving over a gallon of milk a day should
be fed grain. A good grain mixture is corn chop mixed
with bran or cottonseed meal. Corn and cob meal may be
sut^tituted for the chop. A pound of this mixture should
be given each day for every three pounds of milk pro-
duced. The best cows will not produce milk unless fed
liberally on the right kind of feed.

FOREST Secretary Wilson, of the

EXPERIMENT United States Department

<?TATTON °^ Agriculture, has decided

to establish an experiment
station on the Manti National Forest, near Ephraim,
Utah, for the study of grazing and water protection
problems. In fact, bids for the construction of the
necessary buildings have been received and it is ex-
pected to have the station in working order before
winter. Already the gathering of observations on the
relations of erosion and run-off to the forest cover
have begun.

The Manti National Forest was chosen as the site
for this experiment station because it offers exception-
ally good opportunities for investigating problems of
practical value in connection with regulated grazing.
Ephraim and other towns in its neighborhood have
suffered severely from floods following violent rain-
storms in the mountains, and it has already been
proved conclusively that tiie overgrazed condition of
areas on which the natural vegetative cover has been
seriously altered is responsible for the formation of
torrents and the rapid discharge of debris-laden flood-
waters. In a recent destructive storm the water ran
clear from a part of the watershed which was within
the National Forest, and in good condition as a result
of well regulated grazing, while from other areas it
swept down sand and hmildcrs. One of the objects
of the study will be to learn how the maximum of
grazing use of Natural Forest land can be obtained
without injury to forest reproduction and stream flow.

The National Forests provide range during a part or
all of the year for a considerable part of the stock {iro-

duced in the western States. Approximately one and
one-half million head of cattle and horses and seven
and one-half million head of sheep and goats occupy
the Forest lands each year. These figures do not in-
clude nearly three hundred thousand calves and over
four million Iambs and kids for which permits are not
required.

The experts of the department believe that when the
ranges which were denuded by many years of im-
proper use are restored to a normal condition of prod-
uctivity it will be possible to provide feed for a much
larger number of stock without injury to forest
growth or watersheds, and both the stockgrower and
the consumer of meat products will thus be benefited.
Consequently eveiy effort is being made to determine
practicable means of regenerating depleted ranges.
All of the studies which are about to be initiated have
this point in view.

SOME APPLE
PIES.

Apple pies baked at the rate
of 2,250 per hour in an oven
75 feet long and served by
500 well-known Spokane resi-
dents were served free on the opening day of the National
Apple Show, November 11 to 17. This was the opening
event of the Enakops Jubilee, the amusement feature of
the apple exhibition. The apples were first made into
sauce in a huge kettle weighing 1,890 pounds. Gas was
used to cook the sauce. Five hundred bushels of apples
were cooked at a time. When enclosed in the crust, the
pies were placed on an endless chain in the bake oven.
Eduardo Rampan, chef at Davenport's, and A. N. Can-
tril directed the cooking, while the populace was served
by leading men of Spokane as waiters.

FIGHTING THE
CHINCH BUG.

The chinch bug cost the
State of Missouri, approxi-
mately $5,000,000 this year.
Unless immediate steps are
taken to destroy the swarms which are living over during
the winter this loss will be greatly increased next year,
says L. Haseman, of the Missouri Agricultural Experi-
ment Station. Between now and December 1, all mead-
ows, pastures, roads waste lands and other fields, which
are heavily overgrown, should be carefully examined for
the hibernating chinch bugs. Those fields near wheat and
corn fields which were infested last summer should be
examined with special care. The insects hide deep down
in clumps of grass, under leaves and rubbish, and in many
cases their presence can be detected from the disagreeable
odor of the crushed bugs, even before one finds them in
their hiding places. Wherever they are found, the fields
should be burned over immediately and carefully, so that
every possible shelter will be destroyed. The wind should
not be too strong so that the heat will penetrate down into
the clumps of grass and make a clean job. Farmers should
co-operate in burning over all public highways and rail-
road right-of-ways in the infested regions. With careful,
systematic burning of all harboring places in the fall, a
large per cent, of the millions of hibernating bugs will be
killed by the heat directly and many more left exposed
to the winter. After each and every farmer has done all
he can to destroy the pest during the winter, the fight will
be well enough started so that, of taken up in time next
summer, the injury from the pests may be greatly reduced.

240 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

The Mrs, Geo. Shawyer Rose

has won 17 certificates, a silver medal, a sweepstake
cup and other awards in the past two weeks. No
other rose was ever so extensively shown in such
a short period. Now come and see it growing and
you will agree with me that it is a winner. It
opens just as freely in winter as it does in summer,
growing all the time, and every shoot a flower.

New Carnations

Commodore, Wm. Eccles, Northport, Salmon
Beauty and Enchantress Supreme — all good and all
in our 1913 catalog, which will be mailed you in
December.

New Mums?

Why, certainly ! And you ^vill need them, too, for
the shows, to keep on top. Why not write me?

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

241

A. C. Savler

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA

AUSTIN C. SAYLER, Managing Editor.

ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

THOS. W. LOGAN

Pretident

M. C. EBEL
Secretary

ROY H. CAVERLY
Treasurer

Published by

CHRONICLE PRESS

M. E. MAYNARD, President.

1 MONTGOMERY STREET, JERSEY CITY, N. J.
New York Office

236 WILLIAM STREET, NEW YORK CITY.

Subscription Price, 12 MontKs, $1.00 :: :: Single Copies, 10 Cents

Foreign, $1.50

Entered as second class matter February 18, 1905, at tke Post Office at
Jersey City. N. J., under Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.

Published

09 Monthly

Vol. XVL

NOVEMBER, 1912.

No. 1.

CONTENTS.

Page.

The Anatomy and Physiology of the Honey Bee; by J. B. Thomson... 229

Gardenia Culture ; by George Masson 230

"The Gardener at the International Show; by Chas. H. T.otty 231

How to Grow and Plant Conifers (Concluded); by C. R. Pettis 232

What Becomes of Left-over Blossoms and Plants; by Katharine Paul.. 234

Premium List, Morris County Florists' and Gardeners' Society 236

Premium List, Westchester and Fairfield Horticultural Society 237

Meeting of the Oyster Bay Horticultural Society 238

Meeting of the Yonkers Horticultural Society 238

Here, There and Everywhere 239

Editorial 241

New Greenhouses at Delaware Park, Buffalo, N. Y 242

Among the Gardeners 244

Association Notes 245

Minutes of Second Convention, N. A. G 246

Societies 252

Nassau County Horticultural Society 252

Premium List,' Lenox (Mass.) Flower Show 252

Premium List, Nassau County Horticultural Society 253

Premium List, Northern Westchester County Horticultural and Agri-
cultural Society 254

Premium List, -American Institute 255

N. A. G. BOWLING TOURNAMENT.

Si.x teams entered the tuurnament held in connection
with tlie convention, the team representing: the Pennsyl-
vania Tlorticiiltiiral Society winning the contest.
Philadelphia — Scores. Strikes. Spares.

John Dodds .... 119 199 151—469 9 12

S. Batchelor .... 153 161 151—465 7 15

Wni. Robertson.. 124 200 160—492 6 16

New York —

HeaV

1,426

83 106 125—314 1

1,111

Westchester —

T. Stuart 141 104 136—381 4

T. Aitchison .... 89 131 143—363 4

O. .\(ldor 89 128 138—355 5

1,099
O ranee —

G. ■'Wilson 71 109 87—267

S. Horn 80 134 84—298 1

J. Manda 156 172 149—477 6

1,042
Elberon —

J. Kennedy 98 126 147—371 4

G. Masson 104 83 100—287 2

Chas. O. Duncan. 135 129 112—376 2

1,034
]\Iadison —

P.Witney 80 110 80—270 3

^I. C. Ebel 72 . . . .— 72 1

Wm. Tricker . . . . 107 103 110—320 3

11
9
6

4

8

14

9

3

13

Thomas W. Head . 173 112 162—447 5
W.E.Marshall.. Ill 1.19 100—350 4

16

662
The following entered the individual contest :

Thomas Aitchison 180 146 201—527

Tos. Manda . . . ., 164 157 155^^77

William Robertson 157 162 156—476

James Stuart 148 161 161— 170

Samuel Batchelor 165 159 142—466

Walter Gray 132 152 171—455

John Everett . :..... 141 156 116-^13

Tames Kennedy ...;...... ; . 146 114 137—397

Thomas W. Head Ill 150 127—388

Andrew Wilson 106 138 120—364

Alexander Mackenzie 114 130 117—361

J. Austin Shaw 115 117 112—344

Charles Adcock 81 131 116—332

W. A. Sperling 137 90 103—330

A. Bauer 108 95 .122—325

Peter DuiT 82 96 118—296

J. Garvan 96 94 100—290

The prize winners were :

Highest team score in three games, won by Philadel-
phia Horticultural Society, Philadelphia — Aphine cup.
Also to each member of the winning team, Dodds, Batche-
lor and Robertson — J. Manda prize, ale mugs.

Highest score in any game, team bowling, won by
W'illiam Robertson — Association cup.

Highest number of strikes in three games, teams and
individual, won by Walter Gray — President's cup.

Lowest team score, three games, won by Madison —
'Charles H. Totty prize, bo.x of cigars.

Highest total pins in three games, individual, won by
Thomas Aitchison— Association cup.

Second highest total pins, three games, individual, won
by Jos. A. Manda — Association cup.

Highest single score, individual, won by William Rob-
ertson — Michell prize, bronze medal.

Highest number o1 spares, individual, won by Williain
Robertson — James Stuart prize, fountain pen.

Highest score, first game, teams and individual, won
by Thomas Aitchison — William E. Marshall prize, box of
cigars.

Sweepstakes prize, won by Thomas Aitchison — Chron-
icle cup.

242

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Photographs Furnished by
Courtesy of Lord & Burn.

The New Greenhouses at II

■M

i|y^

hh

IHP^^

i^^^SHE^

^^^^^^^1

^Bm0(Kmr^

^^1

»^m^. ^B^Ktm^k

mS'^^si

1^^

»i(;:is^

At each end of the Show House are interesting rockery fountains and pools,
filled with gold fish.

The "kiddies" are the two canny Scotch bairns of Assistant-Superintendent,
Mr. Donaldson.

Nut to be beaten by Rochester with its Hig
group of Show Houses, erected last }-ear, its hi
Buffalo, has beautified its range of growing hou
ware Park, by adding this highly ornamental S

It is 125 feet long and 50 feet wide.

The work room is located in a jog of the S
and connected to five ridge and furrow grov
just back of it.

Although the curvilinear roof has a maniir|tl
is so framed that neither columns nor a mi
heavy roof trussing and bracing is necessar}-.

As an example of greenhouse construction
skill, it is highl}' interesting.

With the classic architecture of the Albrit t .
lery on the left of the Park's encircling drive; a
fied, graceful lines of the Show House on tl
effect as you enter the grounds is most strikir

D. A. Seymour is the Superintendent of th
falo Park System.

Mr. Donaldson, the Assistant Superintepen
handy by, in the vine-covered cottap"

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

243

elaware Park, Buffalo, N. Y.

nd Park
ling rival,
s at Dela-
House.

\v House,
jf houses,

1 span, it
plicity of

igineering

Art Gal-
ihe digni-
right, the

a tire Buf-

cnt, }ives

^ V -^\

The photo was taken before the house was stocked, but it gives a splendid idea of its size and airy structural freeness.

244

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

AMONG THE GARDENERS

Mr. Herbert Greensmith, who for the past three years
has been landscape gardener of the parks in Cincinnati,,
Ohio, has resigned. Mr. W. R. Munger, the tree sur-
geon of the department, will temporarily fill his place.

Dr. Frederick W. Hamilton, recently president of Tufts
and Jackson Colleges, has re-entered the business field
from which he withdrew several years ago for profes-
sional work as an educator, and has taken the position of
general manager of the American Forestry Company.

As a young man. Dr. Hamilton's successful business
career combined with his broad education early brought
him to the front. For many years he was a trustee of
Tufts College, and later became its president, keeping at
the same time other high positions in the educational
world, including membership of the Massachusetts State
Board of Education.

The success and rapid growth of the American Forestry
Company, with its "Little Tree Farms," open a field of
unusual opportunity to a man of Dr. Hamilton's caliber,
in the combination which forestry offers of the commercial
and the aesthetic, and it is, therefore, with much enthusi-
asm that 'Dr. Hamilton has associated himself with the
company, and taken up his new duties.

This afiFiliation will allow Mr. Theodore F. Borst, for-
est engineer of the company, to devote his energies more
exclusively to the professional side of the prosperous in-
dustry of which he was the founder.

Dr. Hamilton will from now on make his headquarters
at the offices of the American Forestry Company, at 15
Beacon street. Boston, Mass.

The American Forestry Company is to be congratulated
upon obtaining the services of a man who has made a
marked success in the fields both of business and edu-
cation.

Philadelphia turned out with the usual force^ The dele-
gation included Messrs. Logan, Thilow, Kleinheinz,
Dodds, Robertson, Batchelor, Schmitt, Moore, and Fuld.
It was the first to arrive and one of the last to leave.

Mr. Ernest Westlake, of Glen Cove, L. L, secretary of
the Nassau County Horticultural Society, sailed for Eng-
land, his native heath, with his wife and son, on the
Oceanic, leaving New York December 14. Mr. Westlake
intends staying abroad two months, enjoying a well-
earned vacation.

Among others seen at the convention were Mr. John
F. Huss, of Hartford, Conn. ; Mr. Robert Bottomly, New
Canaan, Conn. ; Mr. Albert Millard, Riverdale, N. Y.,
and "Jack" Everett, Glen Cove, N. Y.

The many friends of Mr. Samuel Horn, who is now
located in the Oranges, were glad to meet him at the con-
vention. Mr. Horn feels himself again, and those who
watched his activities on the bowling alleys were con-
vinced of this.

Mr. and Mrs. William H. Duckham will sail for home
from abroad on the 30th inst. Mr. Duckham left for
England some two months ago, and from reports received
has had a pleasant trip.

Imported Specially
For the Private Trade

All Mammoth and Thoroughly
Ripened

SURPLUS BULBS

2,000 Named Hyacinths

10,000 Darwin Tulips

Narcissus Empress and

Von Sion Double Nosed

HARDY LILIES

Any Quantity
Send for Bulb Catalogue

SPIREAS

Queen Alexandra

Gladstone and all other

Standard Varieties

KENNEDY 6 HUNTER

(Incorporated 1911)

Andrew R. Kennedy, Pres. and Treas.

156 West 34tli Street, near Penn. Station

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

245

ASSOCIATION NOTES

M. C. EBEL, Secretary, MADISON, N. J.

The secrctan's notes this month will be contined to the
"aftermath" of the convention. He has been so busil}' en-
gaged arranging the details of this event within the month
that all other afifairs of the association have been neg-
lected.

The association is much indebted to our friends, Messrs.
Robert Craig, Patrick O'Mara and J. Otto Thilow, for the
success of the convention and the banquet. Messrs.
Charles H. Totty, Harry A. Bunyard and Prof. J. J. Tau-
benhaus also contributed much, both educational and in-
teresting, and were listened to by an appreciative audience.

The exhibitions were both beautiful and liberal, and
thanks are due among the trade to Messrs. W. A. Manda,
Scott Brothers, William Tricker, Henry A. Dreer, Inc.,
A. N. Pierson, Inc., Charles H. Totty, Thomas Meehan
& Sons, S. S. Pennock-Meehan & Sons, James D. Cock-
croft, and Treandley & Schenk ; and among the gardeners
to Messrs. William Reid, Richard Hughes and George
Melvin for the fine display- made.

The bowling tournament provided the fun of the con-
vention and much good fellowship existed, both at the
team tournament on Monday night, and at the individual
tournament on Tuesday afternoon. It resulted in those
present suggesting to the secretary that he take up the
matter with the executive board of having the N. A. G.
hold another tournament in connection with the flower
show in New York in April, 1913, to which teams from
gardeners and florists clubs and societies from all over the
country should be invited to participate, and also indi-
vidual bowlers. There is no doubt that this will be fa-
vorably acted on early in the year, so that teams and indi-
viduals will have ample opportunity for practice. Several
prizes were immediately ofl:'ered conditionally that the
N. A. G. will arrange for the tournament.

As a result of the N. A. G. convention in Newark, the
press of that city is advocating an annual flower show,
and some of its prominent citizens have taken the matter
up with a view of making inducements to the National
-Association of Gardeners to make that its^jcrmanent con-
vention city, and hold its conventions there in conjunction
with the flower show. There is no reason whv Newark
should not conduct a successful annual flower show if it
will jM-ovide liberal enough premiums to make it worth
while for the gardeners to compete.

Men present at the convention who have attended the
gatherings of gardeners for more than a score of vears
stated that they could not recall an event which brought
together a more representative body of the profession
than the meeting just closed. It was one which indicated
by its every action that it w-as in earnest and interested
in all tliat was being advocated for the development of
gardening. It was representative of the "progressives"
in the profession.

-A word of appreciation is due the management of the
Continental Hotel, the New .\uditorium 1 tall and the
Tu.xedo bowling alleys. .\11 combined to make the burden
of the various committees lighter by their ready willing-
ness to aid in every way possible in the necessary details
of arranijements.

THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION BANQUET.

The banquet which followed the business session of the
convention and which occurred in the Continental Hotel,
in Newark, in the evening, w'as declared a decided success
in every respect. There was nothing lacking in speakers,
menu, music, decorations. The excellent service and the
promptness with which the dinner began brought forth
much favorable comment.

Those who have had the pleasure of listening to that
good friend of all gardeners, Mr. Patrick O'Mara, preside
at a banquet know what was in store for those present.
He was not w-anting for wit and ever ready to respond to
every occasion when introducing the speakers of the even-
ing. When presented by President Logan the reception
accorded him must have immediately made him feel that
he was at home with the boys.

Mr. J. Otto Thilow, president of the Philadelphia Flor-
ists' Club, one of the honored guests of the evening, was
also at his best and what he had to say to the gardeners
relative to the progress their organization has made re-
cently and the attention of the other horticultural bodies
which it is drawing to itself was pleasing to hear, and he
was enthusiastically applauded for his remarks.

Other prominent speakers of the evening w^ere Clar-
ence Moore, of Philadelphia, Pa. ; F. W. Kelsey, New
York, N. Y. ; William Kleinheinz, Ogontz, Pa. ; Charles
Totty and J. E. Clarey, of Madison, N. J. ; Joseph Mandaj
president of the New York Florists' Club, of Orange,
N. J. : President Logan and the newly elected officers,
President William H. Waite ; Treasurer James Stuart,
Mamaroneck, N. Y. ; Secretary ^Martin C. Ebel, Madison,
N. J. To these could be added a long list of others w'ell
known to the profession who were heard from.

The banquet hall, a large, spacious room, presented a
fine appearance. The tables were handsomely decorated
with roses, carnations, 'muius and other flowers. The
general appearance of the tables and decorations was a
treat to many visitors of the hotel who were permitted
to view the same before the dinner began. The inner
man was weell satisfied with good things provided by
the chef, and the excellent orchestra tended to cheer
things from the start.

MENU

Blue Point 0\'sters on Shell

Mock Turtle au Maderia

Table Celery Olives

Planked Blue Fish Julienne Potatoes

Braised Tenderloin of Beef with Mushrooms

New String Beans

Roman Punch

Broiled Spring Chicken on Toast

Delmonico Potatoes

\Valdorf Salad

Bisque Cream Fancy Cakes

Neufchatel Cheese Toasted Wafers

Cofl'cc Cigars

During the dinner the bowlfng prizes were distributed.
The Aphine cup was presented to the winning team,
which represented the Pennsylvania Horticultural So-
ciety. The President's cup w-ent to Mr. Walter Gray, of
Orange, N. J.; the National Association cups to William
Robertson, Jenkintown, Pa. ; Joseph Manda, Orange,
N. J. ; and Thomas .\itchison, Mamaroneck, N. Y.

246

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

The Goodsell $50 gold prize offered to the member
bringing in the greatest number of new members within
the year, which was won by Mr. James Stuart, of Mama-
roneck, N. Y., was presented to him by the donor, Mr. P.
Hamihon Goodsell, with a few well chosen remarks, stat-
ing that his only regret was that Mr. Stuart did not do
better by the association, which he might have done by
enlisting even a greater number.

NEW MEMBERS.

Frank Drews, West Orange, N. J. ; W. DeBree, East
Rutherford, N. J. ; Charles W. Cox, Philadelphia, Pa. ;
Robert Pyle, West Grove, Pa. ; Ernest E. Stubbs, Far
Rockawav, N. Y. ; W. W. Vert, Port Washington, N. Y. ;
S. R. Hil'mers, Tuxedo Park, N. Y. ; Wm. Reid, Orange,
N. J. ; John Dunn, Madison, N. J. ; John ]. Johnston, Glen
Cove, N. Y. ; Robert Scott, Madison, N.'j-; Max Schnei-
der, East Orange, N. J. ; Percy D. Witney, Morristown,
N. J. ; Wm. Eccles, Oyster Bay, N. Y. ; Charles Adcock,
Mamaroneck, N. Y. ; John B. Roy, Stamford, Conn. ;
William Wright, Riverdale-on-Hudson, N. Y. ; Stephen
Ager, Chestnut Hill, Pa.; Matthew Brophy, New Ca-
naan, Conn. ; George Edmondson, New York, N. Y. ;
James Stevens, Dobbs, Ferry, N. Y. ; Ernest J. Brown,
Glen Cove, N. Y. ; Thomas F. Goldney, Hastings, N. Y. ;
James MacDonald, Glen Cove, N. Y. ; Walter J. Dack,
New Canaan, Conn. ; Herman Siegle, Riverdale, N. Y. ;
Thomas Aitchison, Mamaroneck, N. Y. ; Alexander Ged-
dis, Stamford, Conn. ; M. A. Townsend, Portchester,
N. Y. ; Duncan McGregor, Tuxedo Park, N. Y. ; Andrew
P. Clarkson, Mamaroneck, N. Y. ; G. E. Baldwin, Mama-
roneck, N. Y. ; Walter M. Gray, Maplewood, N. Y. ; Jo-
seph Briggs, Westbury, L. I. ; Geo. Critchley, Ridgefield,
Conn. ; Alfred Beinlich, Stamford, Conn. ; Wm. H. Mc-
Ginnis, New Canaan, Conn. ; Edmund Lawrence, West-
port, Conn. ; David S. Miller, Tuxedo Park, N. Y. ; John
Hobson, Radnor, Delaware County, Pa. ; Frank Mac-
Nicoll, Cuba, N. Y.

MINUTES OF THE SECOND ANNUAL CON-
VENTION OF THE NATIONAL ASSO-
CIATION OF GARDENERS.

New Auditorium, Newark, N. J., Nov. 19, 1912.

Annual convention called to order by President
Thomas W. Logan in the above hall at 2 ;30 p. m.

The minutes of the first annual convention of the
National Association of Gardeners, under the charter
obtained from the State of New Jersey, held October
27, 1911, in the James Building, Madison, N. J., were
read. On motion seconded and carried they were ap-
proved.

The minutes of the first meeting of the Executive
Committee, held in the Herald Square Hotel, New
York City, January, 1912; of the Spring meeting of
the Executive Committee which was held in Horticul-
tural Hall, Philadelphia, Pa., April 15, 1912; and of
the Summer meeting of the Executive Committee, held
in Horticultural Hall, Boston, Mass., July 13, 1912,
were read. On motion seconded and carried they were
approved.

President Logan addressed the convention briefly,
recapitulating the work of the year.

Mr. Wm. Kleinheinz called to the attention of the
chair the presence of Mr. John Shore, the first presi-
dent of the association. He was called to the stage and
introduced.

secretary's annual report.

It is with much satisfaction that your secretary can
make a report of great activit}- and an increasing in-

terest within the organization during the past year.

We have been successful in adding to our list of
membership the men who rank as leaders in the world
of horticulture and floriculture, both in private and
commercial fields, and in eliminating from it some
whose affiliations have been detrimental rather than
creditable to it. During the past year we have taken
on-202 new members, our roll at the present time com-
prising 460 members in good standing. To this may-
be added some two hundred additional who may re-
gard themselves as members, but who have not yet
qualified by the payment of dues or through proper
enrollment, as required in writing, of their intention,
to affiliate with the association under its reorganiza-
tion, but who were members under the former admin-
istration. The names of these are not included on the
membership roll.

Your secretary was ambitious to have a complete list
of membership preparad to present at this convention
and made every eft'ort to accomplish this. Two letters
and a postal were sent out during the year to a list of
some 1,600 names, turned over to him when he' as-
sumed the office, in an endeavor to obtain an accurate
membership list. The percentage of the responses was
small and the list is as yet incomplete. To those who
have ignored these communications notice is given
that they are not enrolled in the N. A. G., but they
may reinstate themselves as members, if entitled to be,
by sending their names to the secretary's office.

Three executive meetings were held during the year
and it was decided at the first of these meetings that
members be invited to attend them, and when pos-
sible, a little sociability instilled into these meetings
seemed desirable.

The first meetings of the directors was held in the
Herald Square Hotel, New York City, January 12, and
was attended by members of the board only. The
Spring meeting was held at Horticultural Hall, Phila-
delphia, Pa., on April 15, a good gathering of members
being present, and after the routine business was dis-
posed of, bowling on the alleys of the Philadelphia
Florists' Club followed by a dinner at Dooner's Hotel
was enjoyed. A fine exhibit of this season's novelites
was a feature of the meeting. The summer meeting
was held at the Massachusetts Horticultural Hall,
Boston, July 13, and the business session was followed
by the members present attending the meeting of the
American Sweet Pea Society, to which they had been
invited. In the evening the visiting members were
the guests of the Gardeners' and Florists' Club of Bos-
ton at a banquet, and the following day became the
guests of the Boston Park Commission on an auto-^
mobile tour of that city's extensive park system.

The principal work of this office during the past year
has been confined to building up a membership of men
representative of the gardening profession. With this
accomplished it will then be possible to take up the
issues and problems of the profession and to promote
for it a general uplift in all phases of its work. There
is opportunity for improvement in its every branch,
and conscientious effort on the part of all members of
the association can accomplish much to bring about a
better general condition for the profession. It needs
to be established on a basis where the skill of the gar-
dener who is thoroughly familiar with his calling, will
be recognized and rewarded just as is the skill of any
other profession. The science of floriculture and hor-
ticulture is not as yet as well known as are the other
sciences, but it is gaining recognition by leaps and
bounds in this country at the present time, and thus
the opportunity is presenting itself to the gardener to

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

247

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BANQUET OF THE X. A. (1.. CONTIXEXTAI. HOTEr,. XEW AKK. X. T . \MVEMBER 19. 191.'.

248

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

develop his profession of gardening, and thus demon-
strate to those who require his services that he is
worthy of his hire. Fixed compensation is not the
rule in any profession, but the gardener is entitled to
receive in accordance with his ability. Individual ef-
fort will avail little, but co-operation on the part of
the entire ])rMfession must produce results. Concen-
trated oii-ii|ici;ition is the key note- of success of the
hour, and the secretary's office of the N. A. G. is the
natural nucleus for the forces on which depends the
betterment of the gardener.

More general discussion within the profession of the
problems and conditions which confront it is advocated
and the N. A. G. thnjugh its official argan can best
serve as the professji m's mouthpiece. The secretary's
office can and should serve as an agency for the dis-
semination of such discussions and to it should be en-
trusted a sort of censorship to confine within the
bounds of liberal conservatism the promulgation of the
profession's welfare.

The establishment of a bureau in connection with
this office for the purpose of producing a source
through which those of the profession may secure op-
portunities for advancement is recommended. Such
a bureau should be maintained solely for the purpose
of helping deserving members of the association who
are striving to advance, and not in any sense as a labor
bureau for men habitually out of employment. It
should be so conducted that it will quickly gain a rep-
utation for itself whereby those requiring the services
of competent gardeners will look to the bureau to sup-
ply their needs.

More use should be made of the "Queries and
Answers" columns conducted in the official organ in
conjunction with this office. The "snags" of flori-
culture should be freely discussed through its columns..
The exploited experience of one may help to solve the
problems of many. All gardeners are not journalists,
but many possess theories and facts which contain
sound sense. Such communications forwarded to this
office will be properly edited for publication.
.. A greater fraternity than now exists should be en-
couraged within the profession. By pulling together
it can progress. Factional strife hinders progress. A
united co-operation on the part of the gardening pro-
fession to develop its standard must result in good.

In conclusion your secretary wants to place on rec-
ord his appreciation of the able assistance rendered
him by officers and members of the association.

Respectfully submitted, M. C. Ebel, Secretary.

Moved, seconded and carried that the report be ac-
cepted and spread upon the minutes.

skcretary's fin.\ncial report. »

Madison, N. J., November 15, 1912.

RECEIPTS.

Dues received for the year 1912 $713.00

Dues received for the vear 1913 10.00

$723.00

P.W.MENTS.

Deposit vouchers to treasurer, No. 1 to No. 37,

inclusive $659.00

Gardeners' Chronicle account paid to treas-
urer 32.00

Cash on hand 32.00

Oct. 30, 1911, to Jan. 31. Sundries 1.80

Jan. 31 to .\pril 19.... Post cards and postage.. 35.55

" Printing 5.50

Tan. 31 to July 18 Sundries 3.60

April 19 to July 18 Postage 1.50

Tuly 19 to Nov. 15. . . .Sundries 4.0Q

Postage 15.20

Printing 30.40;

S161.23
M.ARTiN C. Ebel, Secretary.
Newark, N. J., November 18, 1912.
We have completed our audit of the accounts of
your treasurer up to November 15, 1912, and are
pleased to report that we find the statements as ren-
dered above to be correct.

John. H. Dodds,
J.\MES Stuart,
J.AMES Kennedy.
Auditing Committee.

On motion seconded and carried the report was ac-
cepted and a vote of thanks extended to the Auditing
Committee.

On motion seconded and carried a vote of thanks
was extended to the secretary for the arduous work-
performed by him dtu'ing the year. \

treasurer's report.
Cambridge, Mass., November 15, 1912. .

receipts.
January deposit vouchers from secretary. No. 1 :

to No. 16, inclusive '. $234.00

February deposit vouchers from secretarv.

No. 17 to No. 23, inclusive '. 134.00

March deposit vouchers from secretarv, No. 24

to No. 25, inclusive .' 22.00

April deposit vouchers from secretary, No. 26

- to No. 29, inclusive 48.00

May deposit vouchers from secretary, No. 30. . 16.00
July deposit vouchers from secretary, No. 31 . . 10.00
August deposit vouchers from secretary, No. 32 33.00
September deposit vouchers from secretary.

No. 33 to 35, inclusive 76.0p

October deposit vouchers from secretarv.

No. 36 ' :. 28.00

November deposit vouchers from secretarv,

No. 37 :. 58.00

November 15. Interest First National Bank. . 3.32

Jan.

Feb.
.Vpri

$723.00
Expenditures of the secretary's office for the past
year have been as follows:

Oct. 30, 1911, to Jan. 31. Printing and stationerv.. $33. 75
" " Postage ' . . 29.93

$662.32

disbursements. :

31. Madison Eagle, printing $31.00

31. M. C. Ebel. secretary, postage 28.00

31. M. C. Ebel, secretary, postage and

sundries 6.48

1. American Surety Co., Treasurer's

Bond 2.50

23. H. C. Tucker, association's seal 9.50

19. F. C. Palmer, decorating 20.00

19. M. C. Ebel, secretary, postals and

stamps 29.25

19. M. C. Ebel, secretary, postage 6.30

1. Gardeners" Chronicle on account.... 75.00

1. T. W. Johnson, repairing cups 27.12

18. A. T. De La Mare Publishing Co.,

association's certificates 16.00

18. Madison Eagle, printing 5.50

18. j\I. C. Ebel. secretary, postage and

sundries 5.10

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

249

WATERER'S
"HIGH GRADE" BULBS

Highest quality bulbs of Hyacinths, Tulips,
Narcissus, etc. ; the quality that carries off the
first prizes at the exhibitions.

Lily of the Valley, Waterer's "XXX Perfection
Brand," the earliest, larj^est and best for early
forcing.

Waterer's Reliable Mushroom Spawn. Eng-
lish and American bricks, made by the best
makers.

LAWN GRASS SEED

If you desire a perfect lawn, use our "Special"
Evergreen Lawn Seed.

Catalogue mailed free upon request.

HOSEA WATERER

Seedsman and Bulb Importer

107 and 109 South Seventh Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

BOBBINK & ATKINS

World's Choicest Nursery and Greenhouse Products

The proper wa.v to boy Is to see the material growing. We shali
gladly give our time and attention to Intending purchasers visiting
our nursery, and invite everybody interested in improving their
grounds to visit us. Our Nursery consists of 300 acres of highly cul-
tivated land and 500.000 square feet of greenhouses and storehouses.
In which we are growing Nursery and Greenhouse Products for every
place and purpose, the best that e.xperlence, good cultii
excellent facilities can produce, pla
of any size.
OUR FOHMAL EOSE GARDEN,

i.OOO Roses
250 varieties, is now in full
bloom. Everybody interested
In Rosea stiould visit our Nur-
sery and inspjK-t

PALMS, DECORATHTE PLANTS
FOR CONSERVATORIES, in-
terior and exterior decorations.
Our greenhouses are full of
them.

BULBS AND ROOTS, We Im-
port large quantities of Bulbs
and Roots from Japan, Hol-
land and other parts of Europe.
Our Autumn Bulb Catalogue
will be mailed upon request.

HARDY TRAILING AND
CLIMBING VINES. We grow
li» |i"ts quantities for all kinds
of i.l.intlng.

PAE0NIE3. Tree and Hcr-
bji''.)us raeonies. September
(l.llvory.
OUR NEW GIANT FLOWERING MARSHMALLOW. Ev

should be Interested In this Hanly .New ()ld-Knshl..ned Flowi

will grow everywhere and when in bl.i.ini is the queen of flowers In

the garden. lUooms from .Tuly iiiiti! the latter part of September.
OUR ILLUSTRATED GENERAL CATALOGUE No. 4B describes our

Products. Is cotnprelienslve. int. r.-l in:. Iijstru.-tl ve and h.-lpful to

intending ptirrhnsers. Will be iiom1..I free iijion n-.|iiost,

WE PLANT GROUNDS AND GARDENS EVERYWHERE WITH

OUR WORLD'S CHOICEST NURSERY PRODUCTS, GROWN IN OUR

WORLD'S GREATEST NURSERY.

VISITORS, til lie Erie Rallrnad to Carlton Hill, second stop on .Main

Line, .'i minutes' walk to nursery.

BOBBINK & ATKINS

NURSERYMEN, FLORISTS AND PLANTERS

RUTHERFORD. N. J.

EVERGREENS, CONIFERS
AND PINES, More than 73
acres of our Nursery are plant-
ed with handsome specimens.
Our plants are worth traveling
any distance to see.

HEDGE PLANTS. We have a
UirKe quantity of California
1 'rivet. Berberis and other
Shrubs for Hedges.

POT-GROWN STRAWBERRIES.
We raise thousands of pot-
grown Strawberries, in all the
leading and popular varieties,
reatiy for Immediate delivery.

HARDY OLD - FASHIONED
FLOWERS. Wo have thou-
sands of rare, new and old-
fashioned kinds. Our Her-
baceous Grounds are especially
interesting at this time. Spe-
cial prices on quantities.

PLANT TUBS, WINDOW
BOXES AND GARDEN FUR-
NITURE. We tnauufacture
all shup.a and sizes.

erybody

SCALINE

For Summer and Winter Spraying

This is our new oil and sulphur composition, a scali-
cide and fungicide combined, which supplies the de-
mand for an insecticide that can be applied at all
seasons of the year for the destruction of San Jose
and other scale and all sap sucking insects infesting
trees, shrubs and hardy stock.

It can be applied as safely in the growing as in the
dormant season.

The sulphur contained in Scaline makes it effective as
a fungicide for various blights which affect hardy stock.
It is readily soluble in water, contains no sediment and
can be sprayed through the finest spraying nozzle.
Try it for your fall spraying of fruit trees. You will
find it a much cleaner remedy than those now in u-r.

$1.50 per gallon; 10 gallons, $10.00; 50 gallons, $37.50

VERMINE

For All Soil Insects in House or Garden

A soil sterilizer and germicide for all soil vermin, such
as cut, eel, wire and grub worms, slugs, root lice, mag-
gots, and ants.

Used in the green house, garden, and field, .-\pply
one part of Vermine to four hundred parts water, thor-
oughly syringing the ground.

It does its work effectively without injury to plants,
and protects your lawn and crops against ravages un-
der the soil.

$1.00 per quart; $3.00 per gallon; 5 gallons, $12.50

The Recognized Standard Insecticide

Not .3 cure-all, but a specific remedy for all sap-sucking
insects infesting plant life in the greenhouse or gar-
den, such as green, black, white fly, red spider, thrips,
mealy bug, brown and white scale.

$2.50 per gallon; $1.00 per quart

FUNGINE

The Fungicide of Much Merit

Fungine is an infallible remedy for mildew, rust, wilt,
spot and bench fungi affecting flowers, fruit and vege-
tables. Used with much success by rose, carnation
and chrysanthemum growers in house and garden.

75c. per quart; $2.00 per gallon
Sold by all up to date Seedsmen and Supply Houses

Aphine Manufacturing Company, Madison, N. J.

Manufacturers of Agricultural Chemicals

M. C. EBEL, General Manager

250

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA,

Nov. 18. J. W. Johnson, cxpressage 1.30

" 18. Gardeners' Chronicle,

Members' subscription to

July 1 $260.00

Less paid on account 75.00

Due secretary's office.... 32.00

153.00

Nov. 13. J. W. Johnson, engraving 3.40

" 13. M. C. Ebel, secretary, postage and

sundries 19.50

" 13. Madison Eagle, printing 30.40

Total disbursements $469.35

Nov. 15. Balance in First National Bank,

Madison, N. J 192.97

$662.32
Roy H. Caverly, Treasurer.

Newark, N. J., November 18, 1912.
We have completed our audit of the accounts of your
treasurer up to November 15, 1912, and are pleased to
report that we find the statements as rendered above
to be correct.

John H. Dodds,
James Stuart,
James Kennedy,
Auditing Committee.

In the absence of the treasurer, Roy H. Caverly, the
secretary read the above report.

On motion seconded and carried the report was
accepted.

The president read the following telegram invitation
from the gardeners of San Francisco, California:

NIGHT LETTER.

The Western Union Telegraph Company.

Received at Madison, N. J. 11/17/12.

From San Francisco, California. 16.

M. C. Ebel :

The "Pacific Coast Horticultural Society" sends
their greetings and invites the National Association of
Gardeners to hold their 1915 convention in San Fran-
cisco. We hope that you will be able to send us a
favorable reply next week. Wishing every success.

Daniel Macrorie.

Secretary Ebel advised the convention that a similar
invitation had been extended to the S. A. F., and O. H.,
who had, after admitting that the time was too far in
advance to give a definite reply, gone on record as being
in favor of such action if possible.

On motion by Mr. Kleinheinz this invitation was
tentatively accepted, and the secretary instructed to
notify the San Francisco gardeners of our action.
Seconded and carried.

Mr. Wm. Kleinheinz, the chairman of the Essay
Committee, stated that the time is certainly drawing
near when the gardeners should take more interest in
the Association, evidencing same by sending in papers
on floriculture and horticulture. He reported that he
had sent in several papers, but had many more prom-
ised which did not materialize, giving Mr. Tyson and
Mr. Ebel credit for doing good work on the committee.

Mr. Xavier E. E. Schniitt, the chairman of the Exhi-
bition Committee, reported that as he had nothing to
do with the attendant exhibition, wished to heartily
thank and commend the local gardeners for the excel-
lent exhibition.

President Logan appointed the following members
on the awards committee: Messrs. Wm. Kleinheinz,
Thomas W. Head, and John H. Dodds.

The president appointed the following tellers for
election : Messrs. James Stuart, Wm. E. Maynard, and
Samuel Bachelor.

During the counting of the ballots Mr. Charles H.
Totty, of Madison, delivered an address on "What
part are the superintendents and gardeners of this
country going -to play in the International Show?"
printed in another part of this issue.

On motion seconded and carried a rising vote of
thanks was extended to Mr. Totty.

Mr. John Shore was again introduced and spoke on
the early history of the organization and congratulated
the members on their advancement, stating that the
American people could thank the gardeners for much
of their refinement.

Secretary Ebel moved that a rising vote of thanks
be extended to Mr. John Shore ; seconded, carried and
so ordered.

Mr. Wm. E. Maynard, the first secretary and organ-
izer of the Association, spoke briefly on the trials and
tribulations encountered during the early life of the
Association.

Mr. James Bell was introduced and congratulated
the Society on the good showing of members present.

report of committee ON AWARDS.

Special mention to Wm. Tricker for an interesting
group of hardy plants, including vinca minor aurea.

Special mention to Thomas Meehan & Sons for col-
lection of hardy berried plants.

Certificate of merit to Col. Charles Pfafi' for new
vase of Solanum capsicastrum Melvinii.

Certificate of merit to Scott Bros, for vase of Carna-
tion, Wm. Eccles.

Certificate of merit to Chas. H. Totty for vase of
Carnation Commodore.

Special mention to Chas. H. Totty for vase of Roses,
Sunburst and Carnation Northport.

Certificate of merit to James D. Cockroft for vase of
Carnation Northport.

Special mention to W. A. Manda for display of
flowering and foliage plants.

Certificate of merit to W. A. Manda for Fourcroya
Watsonii, also for Polypodium Mandaianum.

Certificate of merit to Traendly & Schenk for vase
of Carnation Salmon Beauty.

Certificate of merit to Wm. Reid for 12 carnations,
flower of seedling No. 3.

Certificate of merit to Richard Hughes for crimson
Carnation seedling Hallavarden & Enchantress.

Certificate of merit to Chas. H. Totty for vase of
Roses, Mrs. Geo. Shawyer.

Certificate of merit to S. S. Pennock Meehan Co.
for vase of Roses, Mrs. Charles Russel.

Certificate of merit to H. Dreer Co. for display of
new Fern Adiantum Farleyense Gloriosa.

Certificate of merit to Traendly & Schenk for rose
Lady Alice Stanle)^

Certificate of merit to A. N. Pierson for vase of New
White Pompom Chrysanthemum Helen Newberry.

Special mention to A. N. Pierson for vase of Chrys-
anthemum, Indian Summer.

Certificate of merit to A. N. Pierson for Roses
Milady.

Signed by

Wm. Kleinheinz,
John H. Dodds,
Thomas W. Head.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

251

On motion seconded and carried the report was ac-
cepted and spread upon the minutes, and a vote of
thanks extended to the committee.

NOMINATION OF OFFICERS.

For president:

Mr. David Miller nominated Mr. A. S. Huss.

Mr. Peter Duff nominated Mr. Wm. H. Waite.

Mr. Wm. Kleinheinz nominated Mr. Thomas W.
Logan.

On motion seconded and carried the nominations
were closed.

Nominations for vice-president:

Secretary Ebel suggested the name of A. J. Smith,
of Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, who was nominated by
Mr. Xavier E. E. Schmitt.

On Mr. Kleinheinz's motion, seconded and carried,
the nominations were closed.

Nomination for secretary:

Mr. Bachellor nominated ]\Ir. M. C. Ebel. On mo-
tion seconded and carried the nominations were closed.

Nomination for treasurer :

Mr. Oscar Addor nominated Mr. James Stuart. On
motion seconded and carried the nominations were
closed.

Nominations for five trustees:

Messrs. Wm. Kleinheinz, Alexander Mackenzie,
Peter Duff, Wm. Duckham and John H. Dodds were
nominated. On motion seconded and carried the nomi-
nations were closed.

On motion seconded and carried that inasmuch as
there were no opposition candidates for the offices
other than the president, the recording secretary was
instructed to cast one ballot for the nominees for vice-
president, secretary, treasurer and the five trustees,
which he did, and the president therefore declared the
respective nominees elected.

At this point the question was raised as to the meet-
ing place for the next convention, which was laid on
the table.

During the counting of the ballots for president, Mr.
Wm. Kleinheinz spoke briefly on the Association, and
the work done by Mr. Wm. E. Maynard. On motion
by Mr. Kleinheinz, seconded and carried, Mr. Maynard
was constituted a life member without further pay-
ment of dues.

On motion by Mr. Kleinheinz, seconded and carried,
the treasurer was instructed to pay the stenographer
of the secretary $25 for work done by her during this
year.

The election tellers reported as follows: Total \ote
cast, 39.

For Mr. Logan, 11 votes.

For Mr. Huss, 2 votes.

For Mr. Waite, 26 votes.

President Logan therefore declared Mr. William H.
Waite, of Yonkers, elected president of this Associa-
tion for the ensuing year. The new officers were
brought to the stage and introduced to the convention.

Secretary Ebel referred to the Goodsell prize of $50
to the member bringing in the greatest number of new
members, which had been won by Mr. James Stuart,
of Mamaroneck.

Mr. Wm. E. Maynard reported in absence of Mr.
Goodsell that said prize would be delivered to the
winner at the banquet in the evening.

Mr. Robert Craig, of Philadelphia, was then intro-
duced and delivered the address found on another page
of this issue.

Secretary Ebel moved that a rising vote of thanks
be extended to Mr. Craig by the Association, seconded
and carried.

Mr. J. J. Taubenhaus, Assistant Plant Pathologist,
Delaware Agricultural Experimental Station, Newark,
Delaware, was then introduced and delivered an ad-
dress which will be published, with illustrations, in
our December issue.

On motion by Secretary Ebel, seconded and carried,
a standing vote of thanks was extended to Mr. Tau-
benhaus.

Mr. Harry Bunyard, of New York, was then intro-
duced and gave a very interesting and instructive talk
on the International Flower Show held in London,
England, illustrated with over 75 beautiful lantern
slide pictures.

There being no further business, the convention was
adjourned to the banquet hall in the Continental Hotel.
Respectfully submitted,

Austin C. Sayler,
Recording Secretarv.

SECRETARY'S NOTES.

Mr. P. Hamilton Goodsell again comes to the front with
an offer for a membership contest for the coming year.
The contest begins with this announcement and closes on
October 1, 1913, the prizes to be awarded at the next
convention of the association. Mr. Goodsell this vear
offers three prizes— $25 gold, $15 gold, and $10 gold—
to go to the three members bringing in the largest num-
ber of new members between now and October 1 next.
Membership application iilanks can be obtained from the
secretary's office by writing for them.

New Carnation

Wm. Eccles

Awarded 1st prize at the Carnation Societies* CoDvention la Detroit
lor the best 100 Blooms, Red or Scarlet.

The Silver Medal of the New York Horticultural Society for the
best undiscrinninated vnrioty, and first-class certificates wherever
shown. Has the color of Flamingo, a stronp. rigid stem, a perfectly
formed SMi-lich tlower, non-hurstlnB. highly perfumed, a grand keeper;
a cross between Beacon and Victory and as free as any scarlet to date.

We are also sole agents in America for Mr. Bngelmann's (Saffron
Walden, England) British Novelties. I^ady Northcllffe and British
Triumph. Two very proniixins Carnations. Come and see them grown.

Prices, Rooted Cuttings, Doz $3.00: 100 $15.00

Prices, Out of 2 V* -inch Pots, Doz $8.50; 100 $20.00

Don't forcet that we have a fine lot of home-grown grape vines in
all the leading varieties. 1, 2, and S-year-oM canes. These are more
satisfactMi-y than the Imported article, for half the price.

One-Year-Old Vines $2.00 each

Two* Year-Old Vines $3.50 each

Layer Fruiting Canes $5.00 to $7.60 each

Try our Grafted Roses this year. We supply the most critical buyers
In the country, and can satisfy you. Our Chrysanthemum list is com-
prehensive and contains the best there Is In Mums.

If our catalogue fails to reach you, drop us a postal.

SCOTT BROS.

EJmsford Nurseries
ELMSFORD NEW YORK

252

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

SOCIETIES

Societies are invited to accept the cour-
tesy of this permanent announcement col-
umn.

American Gladiolus Society.
L. Merton Gage, secretary, Grotou, Mass.

American Institute.

Robert A. B. Dayton, secretary,

15 William street. New York City.

American Peony Society.
A. P. Saunders, secretary.

Clinton, N. Y.

American Rose Society.

B. Hammond, secretary,

Fishkill-on-Hudson, N. Y.

Morris County (N. J.) Florists' and Garden-
ers' Society.

Edward J. Reagan, secretary,

Morristown, N. J
Meets at Madison, N. J., second Wednes-
day in each month at 8 p. m., except Julj
and August.

Nassau County Horticultural Society.

Ernest Westlake, secretary,

Glen Cove, N. Y.

Meetings second Wednesday of every
month, at 8 p. ra., in Pembroke Hall, Glen
Cove, N. Y.

New Jersey Floricultural Society.

William Eeid, secretary,

363 Centre street, Orange, N. J.
Meets second Friday of each month at
8 p. m., except July and August, at 240
Main street, Orange, N. J.

Newport Horticultural Society.

D. J. Cou^hlin, secretary,

Newport, R. I.

American Sweet Pea Society.
Harry A. Bunvard, secretary,

342 West i4th street, New York City.

Chrysanthemum Society of America.

Chas. W. Johnson, Secretary,

Morgan Park, 111.

Connecticut Horticultural Society.

Geo. W. Smith, secretary,

Melrose, Conn.
Meetings held second and fourth Fridays
of every month, at 8 p. m. in the County
Building, Hartford, Conn.

Dutchess County Horticultural Society.

Hubert G. Cottam, secretary,

Wappingers Falls, N. Y.

Meets at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., on the last
Wednesday in every month except May
and June, when no meetings are held.

Elberon Horticultural Society.

Benj. Wyckoff, secretary,

1104 4th avenue, Asbury Park, N. J.

New York Florists' Club.

John Young, secretary,

54 West 28th St., New Y'ork City.
Meets second Monday of each month, ex-
cept July and August, in the Grand Opera
House Building. Sih avenue and 23d street.
New York City.

Next Show.

Third National Flower Show, to be held
in the New Grand Central Palace, 46th
street and Lexington avenue, New York
City, April 5 to 12, 1913 (see schedule in
Aiiril, 1912, issue).

Southampton Horticultural Society.

William McLeod, secretary.

ileetings are held on the first Thursday
in the month in Memorial Hall, Southamp-
ton, N. Y.

Tarrytown Horticultural Society.

E. W. Neubrand, secretary,

Tarrytown, N. Y.

Meets last Tuesday of every month, ex-
cept December, at 7:30 p. m., in the banquet
room of the Corporation Building, Tarry-
town.

Annual meeting last Thursday in De-
cember.

Westchester and Fairfield Horticultural
Society.
Jleets second Friday of every month in
Doran's Hall, Greenwich, Conn., at 8 o'clock.
J. B. McArdle, secretary,

Greenwich, Conn.

Northern Westchester County Horticul-
tural and Agricultural Society.

M. J. O'Brien, secretary.

Mt. Kisco, N. Y.

Oyster Bay Horticultural Society.

John T. Ingram, secretary,

Oyster Bay, N. Y.
Meets third Friday of every month at 8
p. m. at Board of Trade rooms. Oyster
Bay, N. Y.

The Garden Club of Michigan.

Mrs. Edwiird H. Parker, secretary,

139 Seyburn avenue, Detroit, Mich.

Meetings for 1912: Two in May, four in
June, two in each month of July, Septem-
ber and October. The corresponding secre-
tary will notify the members of the date
and place of meeting.

The Horticultural Society of New York.

Geo. V. Nash, secretary,

Bronx Park, New York City.
Meets monthly, irregular, May to October
at New York Botanical Garden, Bronx
Park, New York.

November to April at the American
Museum of Natural History, 77th street and
Columbus avenue. New York City.

Paterson Floricultural Society.

Sebastian Hubschmitt, secretary,

61 Seventh avenue, Paterson, N. J.
Meets first Tuesday of every month in
the Romaine Building at 8 p. m.

People's Park Cottage Gardeners' Associa-
tion.

John Ainscough, secretary,

4 Chestnut street, Paterson, N. J.

Meets in the Working Man's Institute,
Madison avenue, Paterson, N. J., on the first
and last Friday of each month.

The Pittsburgh Florists' and Gardeners'
Club.

H. P. Joslin, secretary,

Ben Avon, Pa
Meets first Tuesday every month in Fort
Pitt Hotel, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Society of American Florists and Orna-
mental Horticulturists.

John Y'oung, secretary,

54 West 28th street, New York City

NASSAU COUNTY HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

The Second Annual Gardeners' Reunion
will be held at Thum's Bowling Alleys, 1241
Uroadwav, New York, on Wednesday, De-
comber 4, 1912. There will be a bowling
tournament, commencing at 2 p. m., and
dinner will be served at 7 p. m. Tickets
can be procured from Ernest Westlake, of
Glen Cove, L. I. Price of ticket $3, includ-
ing bowling and dinner.

Mr. J. W. Everitt is the committee in
charge of arrangements, so that those at-
tending can be assured of a good time.

The monthlv meeting of this society was
held at Pembroke Hall, Glen Cove, on Wed-
nesday, November 13. President Johnston
was in' the chair. It being chrysanthemum
night, there was a fine display of late
(lowering varieties. William Turner Wells
late pink and H. E. Converse were very
line. Prizes were offered for three white,
three pink and three yellow. The winners
were: J. W. Everett. James McCarthy and
Henry Gaut. Frank Petroecia received
thanks of society for a new pink celery.
H. Gaut was awarded a C. C. for chrysan-
themums grown in 6-inch pots, also for
three flowers of the new variety; H. E.
Converse and Cole, of single chrysanthe-
nmni. H S. Laden was elected to honorary
membership. James Edward Coleuso, Ben-
jamin AUmond, Tliomas Twigg. A. Rich-
ardson and P. Charbonnian were elected
to active membership, and there were four
applications received. Prizes are offered
for three poinsettias, fifty violets and twen-
lyfive carnations received at the next
meeting.
I.VMES MacDONALD, Corresponding Sec-

The Lenox (Mass.)
Flower Show

The first fall show of the season opened
at the Town Hall, Lenox, on October 24,

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

253

and was well attended by the wealthy resi-
dents of this section and many noted visit-
ors. The flower show is quite a society
event.

Lenox abounds in beautiful estates, the
same are elegantly equipped with fine
ranges of greenhouses, and their respect-
ive superintendents are men of high stand-
ing and experience in the horticultural
world.

The combination of wealthy owners, skill-
ful growers and a climate especially suited
to the fullest development of the finest
chrysanthemum flowers, produce the finest
exhibition of its size in this country. The
exhibition was well arranged. Five groups
occupied the premier position, the inter-
vening spaces being used to display the
large vases of chrysanthemums. Right
table consisted of roses, carnations and
orchids, left table being entirely filled with
excellent short-stemmed 'mums, the end
platform filled with flowering plants. The
vegetables and fruits filled a separate room
upstairs.

The judges were Wm. Kleinheinz and
Thomas Logan, Philadelphia; James Stew-
art, Mamaroneck, and A. E. Thatcher, Bar
Harbor. The competition being very keen
in the important classes, these gentlemen
found many problems in awarding de-
cisions, but gave general satisfaction. The
groups, always well contested at Lenox,
were very pleasing and artistic, Fred Herre-
mans, superintendent for W. D. Sloane, win-
ning the Breck silver cup with an eff'ective
and harmonious arrangement, consisting of
a central column and three side mounds of
Phoenix Roebellini Begonia, Gloria-de-Lor-
raine and Lilium Giganteum. The panels
filled with specimen Crotons. Lily of the
Valley and Farleyense Fern. Second prize
to Allen Jenkins, superintendent to S. P.
Spotter, using four Cocos Flexuousa Crotons
and Gloxinia in small pots used on a cork
frame with good efl"ect. Third to Ed.
Jenkins, superintendent to Giraud Foster, a
massive central column of foliage plants,
edged with Nerines, Cleredendron Fallax
and Farleyense Ferns.

The Boddington prize for Orchid group
was easily won by A. J. Loveless, super-
intendent to Mrs. Griswold, well arranged
and containing many choice varieties. The
central column of Oncidium. Varicosinm
Rogersii and (,'attleya Labiata; three tri-
angular pedestals of Cattleya Labiata, and
the panels being filled with Cypredidium
Sanderii, Oncidium Forbesii, Curtessii
Tigernum, Phalanoepsi, Amabile, Dendro-
bium, Phalanoepsi and Oncidium Ornitho-
rynchium and O. .Abla. Second to F. Herre-
mans, using Cattleya Labiata and Oncidium
Varicosa Rogersii in profusion.

The other Orchid prizes were shared by
A. H. Wingett, superintendent to Charles
Lanier E. Jhorman, superintendent to Mrs.
Westinghouse. and J. I. Donohue. superin-
tendent to Mrs. Jesup. Thomas Proctor,
superintendent to R. W. Paterson, staged
a most interesting Orchid exhibit in a
glass ca.se of seedling Cattleyas, six
months, one j'ear and two years old; also
the materials used and prepared bed for
sowing the seed.

The large chrysanthemums were finely,
staged, and probably the finest ever shown
in Lenox. The C. S. A. cup brought out
six competitors. The cup was won by C.
Carlquist, superintendent to Mrs. Winthrop,
with superb Mrs. J. C. Neill. Second, Allen
Jenkins, same variety. Third, A. L Love-
less, with peerless Wm. Turner. This vase
held some of the finest flower.s in the ex-
bibition. For 24 distinct, Fred Herreman
won with five blooms of — first row, F. S.
Vallis. Wni. Tinner, L. Morrison, Mrs. Wm.
Duckham: second row. J. .L Bruzard, Mrs.

Stevens, J. C. Neill, Artistic Queen, Rose
Pockett; third row, Manhattan Marquis, V.
Venosta, Onunda, Mrs. J. Diuine; fourth
row, W. Mease, C. J. Salter, Woodmason,
Mrs. D. Syme, John Lock ; Fifth row, Mer-
sham Blush, G. C. Kelly. Lenox, Mary
Mason, F. Payne. A. Jenkins, second, and
Ed. Jenkins, third.

Twelve distinct fell to A. I. Loveless, the
same exhibitor winning a silver medal for
new variety named Ursula Griswold.

Thomas Proctor staged superb Wm.
Duckham for 6 pink.

The exhibition of vegetables are always
a feature of great merit and rivalry. The
contestants, besides staging mammoth
onions, leeks and carrots, included such
out-of-season delicacies as asparagus and
peas and the finest mushrooms. This year
F. Herreman captured the silver cup do-
nated by Mr. Winthrop for collection of
18 varieties, with a superb display, closely
followed b.v Ed. Jenkins and G. Thomp-
son, superintendent to C. de Heredia. For
twelve varieties S. Carlquist won tlie
president's cup, and Allen Jenkins the
Stump & Walter cup for 6 varieties.

The single dishes of vegetables were of

resembles Bridesmaid, with a stem and flow-
er like American Beauties. This exhibit re-
ceived a certificate of merit. Scot Bros, had
a fine vase of their red carnation, Wm.
Eccles, and received a certificate of merit ;
as did also a new pink carnation, North-
port, put on exhibit by J. D. Cockcroft,
Northport, L. I. The Julius Roches Co.,
Rutherford, N. J., had a table of orchids,
which was greatly admired by all. Chrys-
anthemums, of course, were the chief at-
traction, and the following varieties were
best in their respective colors : White, Wm.
Turner and Naomah ; yellow, Mary Don-
nellon and Cheltoni ; pink. Lady Hopeton
and L. Rosseau ; crimson, Woodmason and
Pocketts Crimson ; any other color, Mary
Mason. Woodmason carried off the honor
for largest bloom in the show. The attend-
ance were large on both days, and the man-
agement are to be congratulated on the well-
arranged and successful exhibition. Fol-
lowing is the special prize-list :

The Mrs. F. S. Smithers' silver cup for
collection of hardy chrysanthemums, 50 va-
rieties — Mrs. H. L. Pratt, Glen Cove. L. L
(H. Gaut, gar.) first; Mrs. H. W. Bucknall,
Glen Cove, L. I. (G. Barton, gar.), second.

^^(#tf^St'

high order, especially onions and mush-
rooms.

Ed. Jenkins won with well-shouldered
Barbarossa grapes.

Trade Exhibits.

C. H. Totty, Madison, N. J., staged a
superb vase of his new rose, Mrs. Geo.
Showyer, winning the society diploma. This
vase was the center of attraction among
the rose enthusiasts. The same exhibitor
also staged a splendid collection of single
'mums and some noteworthy novelties.

Julius Roehrs Co., New Jersey, put up a
table of orchids and choice exotics. Scott
Bros, staged single and iionipom 'mums and
a good vase of Wm. Eccles carnations.
A. N. Pierson's exhibit of vase of ilihuly
received certificate of merit, the same award
being given to carnation Northport from
J. n. Cockcroft, both well shown.

HARRY TURNER.

NASSAU COUNTY HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

This society held its eiglilh annual ex-
hibition at Pendiroke Hall, Glen Cove, L. I..
N. Y.. on Tuesday and Wednesday, Oct. 29-
;'(). The two main floors of this large hall
were well filled with large exhibits of chrys-
anthemums, roses, carnations, outdoor flow-
ers, vegetables and fruit. Clias. Totty, Mad-
ison, N. J., had an exhibit of his new rose ;
Mi-s. Geo. Shawyer. a beautiful pink, which

The Mrs. H. L. Pratt's silver cup for din-
ner table decoration — 11. L. Ladew, Glen
Cove, L. I (J. Adler, gardener), first; Mrs.
II. L. Pratt, second.

The Stump & Walter Co. silver cup for
12 kinds of vegetables — A. G. Hodenpyle,
Locust Valley (F. Pattroccia, gardener),
first: Percy Chubb, Glen Cove, L. I. (A.
Mackenzie), second.

SPECIAL PREMIUMS.

The Elmer D. Smith special for 6 blooms
of Artistic Queen — H. Ladew, first.

The Peter Henderson & XTo. special for
12 blooms chrysanthemums arranged for
efl"ect— J. H. butey, first; Paul Dana,
second.

The Mr. Stapleton special for best speci-
men bush chrysanthemums — J. R. D,ela-
mar, first: Paul" Dana, Glen Cove (J. John-
ston, gardener), second.

The Bon Arbor Chemical Co. special for
12 chrvsanthennims, 12 varieties, long
stems-Mrs. H. L. Prate, first; W. D.
(Jutlnie, second.

riio Titus & Bowne special for 12 chrys-
anthemums, 12 varieties, short stems —
Percy Chubb, first; W. D. Guthrie, second.

The Isaac G. Cocks special for 3 ferns
distinct — Thomas Leaning, Glen Cove, L. I.
(K. A. Reidenback. gardener), first.

The Mrs. H. W. Bucknall special for 6
chrysanthemums, distinct, long stems —
Percy Chubb, first; Mrs. H. L. Pratt, second.

The Robert Meserole special for 12 Ameri-

254

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

can Beauty roses— W. D. Guthrie, first; Mrs.
F. S. Smithers, Glen Cove, second.

The Weeber & Don special for 6 chrys-
anthemums grown in 6-in. pots — Percy
Cliubb, first; John Pratt, second.

The Mrs. D. Burns special for 4 varieties
chrysanthemums, 3 of each— W. D. Guthrie,
first; Mrs. B. Stern, second.

The Vaughan Seed Store special for 12
varieties single chrysanthemums — John
Pratt, Glen Cove (J. W. Kverett, gardener),
first; Percy Chubb, second.

The Julius Eoehrs Co. special for 4 pots
orchids in bloom— J. E. Delamar, first.

The A. G. Hodenpyle special for 8 kinds
of vegetables— Howard C. Smith, Oystei
Bay (R. Walker, gardener), first; John
Pratt, second.

The Butler's Grocery & Provision Co. spe-
cial for collection of fruit — James Holloway,
first.

The E. M. Underbill special for 6 chrys-
anthemums, 6 varieties, short stems — Percy
Chubb, first; J. H. Ottley, second.

The Mrs. J.H. Ottley silver cup for 18
Killarney roses— Mrs. B. Stern, Koslyn, L. I.
(W. D. Robertson, gardener), first; Colgate
Hoyt, Oyster Bay (J. Robinson, gardener),
second.

The Mrs. J. R. Maxwell special for collec-
tion of outdoor flowers not to exceed 25
varieties— Mrs. B. Stern, first; W. E. Kim-
ball, Glen Cove (J. MacCarthy, gardener),
second.

The Mrs. J. R. Maxwell special for 6 kinds
of vegetables — A. G. Hodenpyle, first; W. V.
Hester (H. Boettcher, gardener), second.

The Chas. H. Totty special for group of
chrysanthemums arranged for effect — Percy
Chubb, first; H. L. Pratt, second.

The Hitchings & Co. special for group or-
namental and flowering plants arranged for
effect— J. R. Delamar, Glen Cove (R. Mar-
shall, gardener), first; Percy Chubb, second.
The Howard E. Smith special for 8
blooms chrysanthemums, 1 variety — J. H.
Ottley, Glen Cove (J. MacDonald, gardener),
first ;"W. D. Guthrie, Locust Valley (H. Qiff,
gardener), second.

The A. T. Boddington special for collec-
tion of salads — Mrs. F. Smithers. Glen Cove
(V. Cleres, gardener), first; A. G. Hoden-
pyle, second.

The A. T. Boddington special for 3 heads
of cauliflower— Mrs. F. S. Smithers, first;
A. G. Hodenpyle, second.

The Cottage Gardens Co. special for
12 carnations not disseminated — Mrs. F.
Smithers, first, with Red Sjning.

The Cottage Gardens Co. special for 25
carnations, any one color — E. M. Townsend,
Oyster Bay (J. Duthea, gardener), first; H.
Gould, Port Washington {W. Vert, gar-
dener), second.

The Cottage Gardens Co. special for 50
carnations, mixed — H. Gould, first; E. M.
Townsend, second.

The Burnetii Bros.' special for 12 kinds
of vegetables — A. G. Hodenpyle, first; Mrs.
H. L. Pratt, second.

The Wm. E. Marshall & Co. special for
18 varieties hardy chrysanthemums — John
Pratt, first; B. Stern, second.

The Rev. J. W. Gammocks special for
plants begonia Gloria de Lorraine — Percy
Chubb, first.

The Kohler Bros.' special for best speci-
men palm — Mrs. F. S. Smithers, first.

The H. T. Shotwell special for 12 tea
roses — Mrs. B. Stern, first; Colgate Hoyt,
second.

The H. Schultz special for 12 tea roses,
mixed — Mrs. B. Stern, first; H. MacDonald,
second.

The Universal Engineering Co. special for
6 varieties outdoor grapes — Jas. Holloway,
first.

The Pino Typtol special for fi varieties

of apples— W. V. Hester, first; J. R. Dela-
mar, second.

The F. B. Edmonds special for specimen
plant begonia Gloria de LoiTaine — P. Chubb,
first; J. R. Delamar, second.

The Glen Cove Echo special for specimen
fern— Colgate Hoyt, first.

The James Holloway special for 3 apples,
3 pears, 3 bunches outdoor grapes — W. V.
Hester, first.

The Miss M. Peck special for largest
bloom in show — Percy Chubb, first.

JAMES MACDONALD,
Corresponding Secretary.

NORTHERN WESTCHESTER COUNTY
HORTICULTURAL AND AGRICUL-
TURAL SOCIETY.

The 10th aunuiil llower sliow of the
Northern Westchester County Horticultural
and Agricultural Society of Mt. Kisco,
^. Y., was held in St. Francis Hall on
Thursdav, Friday and Saturday. October
31^ November 1 'and 2, 1912, with all the
classes on the schedule of this society of
any note well filled and competition was
extremeh' keen. The hall was filled to its
utmost capacity, though nearly double the
size of the hall of former years; but one
remarkable feature of this year's show was
the general excellence of the quality of the
exliibits. Amongst those entries to be
noted was the superb collections of orchids
from Miss Bliss, New Canaan, Conn., and
also those of Hobart Park, Esq., Port-
ehester, N. Y. Mr. Burns and Mr. Alex.
Marshall, past masters in the craft, were
up against one another, Mr. Burns winning
the Blue through very fine discrimination
of the judges in this classic event. Mr.
Alex. Marshall was, notwithstanding this
event, the greatest winner of the Blue in
the whole show. Mr. Al. Thomson, gar-
dener to Moses Taylor, Esq., coming next
in line, a most ardent and painstaking
young gardener and with a future before
him, came next to tlie old war horse, Alex.
Marshall (who, by the way, was the or-
ganizer of this society in 1897), in carry-
ing off a good share of the Blues and de-
servedly to his credit, especially in his sev-
eral collections of greenhouse plants, which
were finely grown.

Mr. Wm. Scott (Scott Bros.) put up a
vase of "Wm. Eccles" carnations, which
gained first prize over Mr. James D. Cock-
croft's "Northport" for seedlings, not dis-
seminated. Scott Bros, winning first, but
both getting a certificate of merit from this
association.

Adolph Lewisohn, Ardsley, N. Y., showed
a superb specimen plant of Annie Laurie
which was much admired, John Caning,
gardener. The big wins were well repre-
sented in all the classes. The Bailey prize
of $50, in .$25, $15 and $10, brought out
very fine specimens.

Special Bailey Prize, 24 chrysanthemums
in not less than 12 varieties— Mrs. Neu-
stadt (David Gordon, gardener), first; Miss
Bliss (John Bun, gardener), second; Moses
Taylor (Alex. Thomson), third.

In the estimation of all who attended
this show it was given as the opinion that
no other show of recent years could come
near it for excellence of bloom, location of
hall, general appearance of the exhibit
when staged.

The judges of this show were: Mr. Wild,
of Greenwich, Conn.; Mr. Wm. Jamison,
Tarrytown, and Mr. Tom Aitcheson, of
Mamaroneck, N. Y., who kindly consented
to act in the place of Mr. Ewan Mackenzie,
New Roehelle, N. Y., who was not feeling
well, whose judgments in the several events
seemed to give entire satisfaction to all the
coiMpetitors in this show.

Following are the summaries of events:

Class 1 — Best 12 cut blooms chrysanthe-
mums not less than 6 varieties — Mrs. Moses
Taylor (Alex. Thomson, gardener), first;
ilrs. Neustadt (David Gordon, gardener),
second; Adolph Lewisohn (John Caning,
gardener), third.

Class 2 — Best 6 white chrysanthemums —
Mrs. Neustadt, first; Miss Bliss, second.

Class 3— Mrs. Neustadt, first; Miss Bliss,
second.

Class 4— Mrs. Neustadt, first; Miss Bliss,
second.

Class 5— Mrs. Neustadt, first; Mrs. J. H.
Hammond (John Conolly, gardener), second.
Class 6— Hobart Park, first; Mrs. Neu-
stadt. second.

Class 7 — Collection of Pompons — Hobart
Park, first.

Class 8— Collection of Suyles chrysanthe-
mums—Miss Bliss, first; Hobart Park,
second.

Class 9 — 20 chrysanthemums in pots not
exceeding 7 inches — Clarence Whitman
(William Will, gardener), first. ■-

Class 11 — Single chrysanthemums in pots
—Mrs. Taylor, first; James Sutton (D.
Fraser, gardener), second.

Class 13— Best 6 bush plants chrysanthe-
mums—Mrs. Neustadt, first; C. Whitman,
second.

Class 14— Specimen bush— Adolph Lew-
isohn, Esq. (John Caning, gardener), first;
James Sutton, Mt. Kisco, second.

Class 15 — Best collection of roses — Hobart
Park, first; J. J. Riker, Esq. (A. E. Lovar-
sud, gardener), second.

Class 16 — Best seedling carnation, not dis-
seminated—Scott Bros., Elmsford Nurseries,
with "Wm. Eccles," first; Jas. D. Cockcroft,
with ''Northport," both fine specimens of
their colors, second.

Class 17— Best 6 blooms red carnation—
Hobart Park, first, J. J. Riker, second.

Class 17A— Best 6 blooms white carna-
tion— Hobart Park, first; J. J. Riker, second.
Glass 18— Best 12 pink carnations— Ho-
bart Park, first; Mrs. S. Neustadt, second.
Class 19— Best bunch of single violets —
Mrs. Neustadt, first; Hon. Seth Low (Hugh
Birch, gardener), second.

Class 20—20 double violets— ^^^litman
Katmah, first.

Class 21 — Collection of decorative plants,
8 ft. space— Mrs. Taylor, first.

Class 22— Best specimen plant in show —
Mrs. Taylor, first; Mrs. Sloane (E. CuUam,
gardener), second.

Class 23— Best 6 plants table decoration
—Mrs. Taylor, first; Hobart Park, second.
Class 24 — Best pair adiantums — IMrs.
Moses Taylor, first.

Class 25— Best specimen fern— Hobart
Park, first; Mrs. Taylor, second.

Class 27— Best 3 Lorraine begonias— J. J.
Riker, Esq., first; Mrs. Taylor, second.

Class 28—6 best table plants— Mrs. Moses
Taylor, first.

Class 29— Best 6 geraniums— C. Whitman,
Esq., first.

Class 30— Best collection of orchids— Miss
Bliss, New Canaan. Conn., first; Hobart
Park, Portchester, N. Y., second.

Qass 32— Best collection of pears— A. W.
Butler (John Hall, gardener), first; J.
Borden Harriman (M. J. O'Brien, gardener),
second.

Class 33— Best 6 head celery— Mrs. J. H.
Hammond, first; A. W. Butler, second.

Class 34—12 distinct varieties vegetables,
exhibition— Mrs. Taylor, first; C. Whitman,
second; Mrs. J. H. Hammond, third.

Class 34A— 12 vegetables, table use—
Hon. Seth Low (Hugh Birch, gardener),
first; Eugene Meyer, Esq. (Chas. Ruthven,
gardener), second; A. W. Butler, third.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

255

Class 34B — Collection of farm product —
J. H. Hammond (Alex. Findley, superin-
tendent), first.

Class 37 — Best fern, amateur — John J.
Conolly, 11 3'ears, first.

Class 40 — The Bailey special prize (24
chrysanthemums) — Mrs. Neustadt, first;
Miss Bliss, second; Jlrs. Taylor, third.

Class 41 — 12 blooms chrysanthemums,
open to society members — Hobart Park,
fljst; Mrs. Neustadt, second; Mrs. Taylor,
third.

Class 42 — Best 8 chrysanthemums in 6
in. pots, SVz ft. high — James Sutton, first;
•C. Whitman, second.

Class 43 — Best bouquet of flowers — A. H.
Scribner (H. Kast, gardener), first; Mrs.
Taylor, second; J. B. Harriman, third.

Class 44 — Largest chrysanthemum bloom
in show — Mrs. Neustadt, first.

Class 45 — Best dinner table decoration
^'gardener" — Mrs. Taylor, first; C. Whitman.
Esq., second; J. B. Harriman, Esq., third.

Class 45A — Ladies' dinner table decora-
tion — Mrs. Taylor, first; Miss Ethel Harri-
man, second.

Class 47 — Best collection orchids, private
gardener — J. B. Harriman (M. J. O'Brien,
gardener), first.

Respectfully submitted,

M. J. O'BRIEN,
Cor. Secy., Northern Westchester County
Horticultural and Agricultural Society,
Mt. Kisco, November 7, 1912.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE

OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK.

List of Premiums

AWARDED AT

EIGHTY-FIRST FAIR

NOVEMBER 6, 7 and 8, 1912.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS.

Cut Flowers

For Commercial Growers Only

Traendly & Schenck, Rowayton, Conn. —

25 blooms, one variety, first, $25. Charles

H. Totty, Madison, N." J., second, $20.

Charles H. Totty. — 30 varieties, one
bloom of each, first, $20.

For Private Gardeners Only.

William Vert, gardener to Howard Gould,
Port Washington, N. Y. — 25 blooms, one
variety, first, $25.

William Vert. — 30 varieties, one bloom of
■each, first, $20.

D. F. Roy, gardener to Harry E. Con-
verse, Marion, Mass. — 10 varieties, one

bloom of each, first, $10. Walter Angus,
gardener to Robert H. Scoville, Chapinville.
Conn., second, $6.

Open to AU.

George H. Hale, superintendent to E. D.
Adams, Rumson, N. J. — 10 blooms, any
white variety, first, $8. Robert .Jones,
gardener to Payne Whitney, Manhasset,
L. I., second, $4.

George H. Hale. — 10 blooms, any pink
variety, first, $8.

Carl 'D. SchaefTer, gardener to Richard

Mortimer, Tuxedo Park, N. Y. — 10 blooms
any yellow variety, first, $8. William Vert,
second. $4.

William Vert. — 10 blooms, any bronze
variety, first, $8. Alex. Mackenzie, gard-
ener to Percy Chnbb, Glen Cove, L. I.
second, .$4.

Joseph G. P. Kennedv, gardener to Mrs
J. S. Lyie, Tenafly, N. J.— 10 blooms in
variety, first, $8. Alex. Mackenzie, sec
ond, $4.

J. W. Everitt, gardener to John T. Pratt,
Glen Cove, L. I. — 6 blooms, anv white var

Antoine Wintzer, Canna Hybridizer, and Origi-
nator of more than 75 per cent, of the Leading
.Cannas in Commerce today.

IMPROVED (ANNAS

MRS. ALFRED F. CONARD. introduced
ill lUlO, as a result of 15 years' careful
work, seemed, to the Eschauge represent-
ative as he looked upon it id full bloom,
to be one of the greatest creations in
Cannas ever sent out. Its very large,
' it_ar. salmon- pink flowers, profusely pro-
duced on numerous heads, stand erect well
aliove its rich green foliage. Its bloom-
ing season is apparently loDg, and it Is
certainly one of the most exquisite of the
Cannas whose blooms are in the lighter
colors.— From The Florists' Exchange of
S<_'ptember 28.

OTHER IMPROVED CANNAS
"WORTH HAVING.

Per 100

Beacon. Red $20.00

Gladioflora. Variegated 15.00

Meteor, Red 25.00

Rosea Gi&antea. Pink 25.00

Wm, Saunders, Red with bronze

I'af 10.00

Mt. Blanc. Near white 10.00

Kate F. Deemer. Yellow 35.00

Mrs. Alfred F. Conard. Pink 35.00

F. O. B. here.
For the best kinds in the CANNA
KINGDOM write to

The Conard & Jones Co.

WEST GROVE, PENNA.

Plant for Immediate Effect

Not for Future Generations

Start with the largest stock that can be secured ! it takes over
twenty years to grow many of the Trees and Shrubs we offer.

We do the long waiting — thus enabhng you to secure Trees and
Shrubs that give an immediate effect. Send for Fall price list.

ANDORRA NURSERIES

CHESTNUT HILL
PHILADELPHIA, PA.

WM. WARNER HARPER, Proprietor

ROEHR'S SPECIALTIES:

Orchids : Palms : Bay Trees : Roses

and all stove and ornamental plants. The
only strictly exotic nurseries in America.

JULIUS ROEHRS CO., Rutherford, N. J.

256

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

iety, first, $4. James Bell, gardener to
C. K. G. Billings, New York City, sec-
ond, $2.

J. W. Everitt.— 6 blooms, any pink var-
iety, first, $4. Walter Angus, gardener to
Robert H. Scoville, Chapinville, Conn., sec-
ond, $2.

Frank Black, gardener to Clarence E.
Chapman, Oakland, N. J.— 6 blooms, any
yellow variety, first, $4. Alex. Mackenzie,
second, $2.

Walter Angus. — 6 blooms, any crimson
variety, first, $4. Alex. JIackenzie, sec-
ond, $2.

James Bell. — 6 blooms, any bronze var-
iety, first, $4. William Vert, second, $2.

Max Schneider, gardener to Charles
Hathaway, East Orange, N. J.— 6 blooms,
Japanese, incurved, any white variety,
first, .$4. Frank Black, second, $2.

William Vert. — 6 blooms, Japanese, in-
curved, any yellow variety, first, $4. George
H. Hale, second, $2.

William Vert. — 6 blooms, Japanese, in-
curved, any pink variety, first, $4. Frank
Black, second, $2.

Joseph P. G. Kennedy, gardener to Mrs.
J. S. Lyle, Tenafly, N. J. — 6 blooms, Japa-
nese, incurved, any crimson variety, first,
$4. Alex. Mackenzie, second, $2.

William Vert. — 6 blooms, Japanese, in-
curved, any bronze variety, first, $4.
George H. Hale, second, $2.

William Vert. — 6 blooms, Japanese, re-
flexed, any white variety, first, $4. Max
Schneider, second, .$2.

William Vert. — 6 blooms, Japanese, re-
flexed, anv yellow variety, first, $4. George
H. Hale, second, $2.

William Vert. — 6 blooms, Japanese, re-
flexed, any pink variety, first, $4.

William Vert. — 6 blooms. Japanese, re-
flexed, any crimson variety, first, $4.

William Vert. — 6 blooms, Japanese, re-
flexed, any bronze variety, first, $4.

Williani Dowlen, Seabright, N. J.— 6
blooms, anemone, any white variety,
first, $4.

Jos. G. P. Kennedy. — 6 blooms, anemone,
any yellow variety, first, $4. William Dow-
len, second. $2.

Joseph G. P. Kennedy. — 6 blooms, ane-
mone, any pink variety, first, $4. William
Dowlen, second, $2.

William Dowlen. — 6 blooms, anemone,
any crimson variety, first, $4.

Joseph G. P. Kennedy. — 6 blooms, ane-
mone, any yellow variety, first, $4. William
Dowlen, second, $2.

NEW VARIETIES.

C. H. Totty, Madison, N. J.— 6 blooms of
any white variety, first, $5.

C. H. Totty. — 6 blooms of any yellow
variety, fir.st, $5.

George H. Hale. — 6 blooms of any pink
variety, first, $5.

C. H. Totty. — 6 blooms of anv other color,
first, $5.

George H. Hale. — Vase of anemone flow-
ered varieties, first, $5. Carl D. Schaeffer,
second. $3.

William Dowlen. — Vase of hairy and
plume varieties, first, $5. Joseph G. P. Ken-
nedy, second, $3.

George H. Hale. — Vase of single varieties,
first, .$5. Charles H. Rice, Rochelle Park,
N. J., second, $3.

HARDY CHRYSANTHEMUMS.

Charles H. Rice. — Collection of 20 vases,
first, $10. W. J. Sealey, gardener to Charles
Mallory, Port Chester, N. Y., second, $8.

W. J. Sealey. — Collection of Pompons, 10
vases, first, $5. Charles H. Rice, second, $?.

PLANTS.

Peter Duff, gardener to Jlrs. .Tohn Crosby

Brown, Orange, N. J. — Specimen bush
plant, white, first, $15.

Peter Dutf. — Specimen bush plant, pink,
first, $15. W. J. Sealey, second, $10.

Peter Duff.— Specimen bush plant, yellow,
first, $15. W. J. Sealey, second, $10.

Peter Duff. — Specimen bush plant, any
other color, first, $15.

John F. Johnson, gardener to Paul Dana,
Glen Cove, N. Y. — Specimen standard plant,
white, first, $15. Peter Duff, second, $10.

Peter Duff'. — Specimen standard plant,
pink, first, $15. Stephen G. Milosy, gardener
to George Schlegel, Baj' Ridge, N. Y., equal
first, $15. Max Schneider, second, $10.

Peter Duff. — Specimen standard plant,
vellow, first, $15. W. J. Sealey, equal first.
$15. Stephen G. Milosy, second, $10.

William Vert. — 12 plants in variety,
single stem, in pots, first, $10. William M.
Macbean, gardener to Mrs. Stuyvesant
Fish. Onrrisnii, X. Y., second,. $5.

^fi'|ilirii C. Alilosy. — 6 plants of one
\;irirt\. -iiii;!. slum, in pots, first, $5. Wil-
liam \'urt. ■.■,.,.,„i,l. $3. • ■

Jaiii''^ V.iAi. 12 bush plants as grown for
mark.i. in \'<<i>. first, $12. Joseph G. T.
Kennedy, second, .$8.

SPECIALS.

Henry Gaut. gardener to Herbert L.
Pratt, "Glen Cove, N. Y.— Collection of
Hardy Chrysanthemums, $4.

P. W. Popp, gardener to H. Darlington,
Mamaroneck, N. Y'. — Display of Hardy
and Pompon Chrysanthemums, $6.

Abraham Wynne, gardener to W. W.
Heroy, Stamford, Conn. — Display of Pom-
pon Chrysanthemums, $2.

Abraham Wynne. — Display of Anemone
and Single Chrysanthemums, $3.

Thomas W. Head, Bergenfield, N. J. — Col-
lection of Hardy and Pompon Chrysan-
themums, $15.

W. J. Sealey. — Specimen bush plant,
"Golden Shower"," $10.

W. J. Sealey. — Vase Pompon Chrysan-
themums, "Lillian Doty," $2. •

Peter Duff. — Specimen standard plant
anemone Garza, $15.

Peter Duff. — Specimen standard plant
"Bronze Brutus," $15.

Peter Duff. — Specimen bush plant ane-
mone Garza, $15.

R. Vincent, Jr., & Sons Co., White Marsh,
Md.— Collection of Pompons, $10.

Stephen G. Milosy. — Specimen standard
plant, "Bronze Brutus," $10.

Stephen G. Milosy. — Specimen standard
plant, pink, $10.

Traendly & Schcnck, Rowayton, Conn. —
Display of Roses and Carnations, $35.

A. N. Pierson, Inc.. Cromwell, Conn.—
Display of Roses and Chrysanthemums, $20.

J. W. Everitt. — Collection of Single
Chrysanthemums, $5.

Thomas Meehan & Sons. Philadelphia. Pa.
— Collection of Hardv Chrvsanthemvims. $5.

Chas. H. Totty. "Madison, N. J.— Vase
Roses, "Mrs. George Shawyer," $5.

Charles H. Totty. — Vase of single var-
ieties, $5.

Charles H. Totty. — Vase of anemone
flowered varieties, $5.

Chas. H. Totty. — Collection of Hardy and
Pompon Chrysanthemums. $25.

Henry -T. Allen, gardener to F. W. Van-
derbilt. Hyde Park, N. Y. — New rose, "Lady
Alice Stanley," certificate.

Cottage Gardens Co.. Queens. N. Y. —
New Carnations, "Matchless" and "Vivid."
certificate.

Waban Rose Conservatonier, Natick, Mass.
— New rose, "Mrs. Charles Russell," cer-
tificate.

S. S. Pennock-Meehan Co., Philadel-
phia. Pa. — New rose. 'Trish Fire Flame."
certificate.

Edward H. Behre, Madison, N. J. — Vase
of new Roses, certificate.

J. D. Cockeroft, Northport, L. I.— New
Carnation, "Northport," certificate.
JUDGES.
EUGENE DAILLEDOUZE,
WILLIAM TURNER,
ARTHUR HERRINGTON,
HARRY TURNER.

ORCHIDS

Established and Imported

Also Baaketa, Peat, Moss. Write for Cataleei

JOSEPH A. MANDA.:

91 Valley Ro

LANDSCAPE GARDENERS

will and It to their Interest to read PAUK AND
CEMETBKY and LANDSCAPE GARDENING
regulajly. Some gardeners consider it the best
jovirnal on landscape gardening. Send 25c. for
two copies and special offer to new subscribers.
R. J. HAIGHT, 440 So. Dearborn St., Chicago.
Mention Gardeners Chronicle of America.

"Howto6rowRoses"-FREE

Tt ' K. ' r .mr famous iiulboriU

tr, ,:,■.. : ,:,uii?, fLTtllizil>p, cuUl

v.i' ■ 1 iiii.ii , 1- eombiin;d witli oui

Conard & Jones Roses

...> M :, ..M.iiledfn

The Conarit 4 Jones Co., Cor ' " WesI Gro»e,Pa./

BURPEE'S SEEDS

PHILADELPHIA

Wholesale Price List for Florists
and Market Gardeners.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

257

Seeing how alliactivc ami practical lliis coiislructioii is. do you wonder wily THE LUTTOX PATENT CUR\'ED
EAVE method has changed Greenhouse Construction during the past few years? The result has been the most suc-
cessful house that can be produced ; the other concerns who had been producing the same antiquated buildings for years
had to simply destroy their patterns as well as their catalogues and start anew. Just ask some of our imitators to show
you some of their curved eave houses built before THE LUTTON PATENT was granted; you will then be con-
vinced that vou had better consult with me.

WILLIAM H. LUTTON,

DESIGNER
AND BUILDER

West Side Ave. Station, Jersey City, N. J.

258'

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

P. Hamilton Goodsell

200 Broadway New York City

Headquarters for specimen shade and ornamen-
tal trees of all kinds. Send in a list of your
wants and let us give you a figure on it. Rhodo-
dendrons and specimen evergreens a specialty.

Warehouse and Salesroom

1 57 and 1 59 William Street New York City

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

WEATHERED
COMPANY

196 Orient Ave.,

Jersey City, N. J,

The Only Greenhouse Builders on this Continent Awarded

A Gold and Silver Medal

for GREENHOUSE CONSTRUCTION

Weathered's Patent Cui-ved Eave Iron Frame Greenhouses

Erected at GEORGIAN COURT, LAKEWOOD, N. J.
For Mr. GEORGE JAY GOULD

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OK AMERICA.

Exhibit of vegetables at tbe Eoyal International Horticultural E.dubition, London, 1912, showing the English style of staging

Boddington^s Quality Vegetable Seeds

Boddington''s Prize-
Winning Quality
Vegetable Seed
Specialties for Ex-
hibitors

PEAS—

Boddington's Mammoth I'kt.

Marrowfat 5o 25

Boddington's Selected Extra-
Early Gradus 15

BEANS—

Boddington's Bountiful 10

Boddington's Exhibition 15

BEETS— Pkt,

Boddington's Early Model

Globe }o 10

Boddington's Exhibition.

Pkts. only. Ji lor 5.. 25
BRUSSELS SPROUTS—
Boddington's Exhibition. . . .
Pkts. only, Ji for 5. .
CABBAGE—

Boddington's Early of

Earlies i-jo/., .soi'..

Boddington's Exhibition
Blood-Red. $ I for 5 pkts. .
CARROT—

Boddington's Improved Long

Red Surrey

Boddington's Selected New

Intermediate

CAULIFLOWER—

Boddington's Extra-Early
Snowball.. . '40z.,Si.75. .
CELERY—

Boddington's Golden Self-
blanching

Boddington's Improved

White Plume

LEEK—

Boddington's Exhibition

Prizetaker

EGGPLANT—

Boddington's Improved New

York Spineless

KOHLRABI-

Boddington's Early White

Delicious

ENGLISH MELON—

Boddington's Selected Scar-
let Gem

Qt.

So 50 Si 00
30 60

S7 2.S

2 25

-'5 So 7.S S.' 50

50

6 00

50

I 25

I 25

I 50

75

4 00
4 00

Sparkill, N. Y., October 11, 1912,
MR. ARTHUR T. BODDINGTON

34J West 14th St., New York, N. Y.
Dear Sir: I think it only just to you to
let you know that I am more than pleased
with the seed you supphed me with this
spring as in the past. I made sixty-four ex-
hibits at the Bergen and Rockland County
Fairs, and took sixty first prizes, which
speaks volumes for the vitality of seed you
send out. You can depend upon my
patronage in the future.

Very truly yours,

J. BRADLEY,
Gardener for Mrs. W. R. Thompson.

CUCUMBER-

Boddington's Improved Telegraph

25c. and Jo so
Boddington's Selected White Spine . . lo
LETTUCE—

Big Boston: Boddington's Exhibition

Strain 10

May Queen: Boddington's Exhibition

Strain 05

Boddington's Eclipse Cos(Romaine) 10
MUSKMELON—

Boddington's Exhibition Emerald Gem. 10
KALE—

Boddington's Variegated Garnishing

$1 for 5 pkts.. . 25
MUSHROOM SPAWN—

Boddington's Quality Pure Culture.

Brick, -oc, s for $1 75, 10 for S3..
ONION—

Boddington's Bountiful . . J-ooz. 50 cts . 10
Boddington's Selected Ailsa Craig. . .

3->oz. 50c. . . 10
PEPPER—

Boddington's Selected Chinese Giant 10

Boddington's Hercules 10

PARSLEY—

Boddington's Exhibition . .5 pkts. $1.. 25
;'ARSNIP—

Boddington's Improved Hollow Crown. 05
KADISH—

Boddington's Early Frame 10

SOUASH—

Boddington's Extra-Early Jersey

White Bush 10

Boddington's English Vegetable Mar-
row, Long White 05

SPINACH—

Boddington's Triumph (Long Season) . 05
Boddington's Improved Large and

Crumpled 05

TOMATO—

Boddington's Early Sunrise . }4oz- 60c. 15

Boddington's Aero 25 cts. and 50

TURNIP-

Boddington's Model Snowball 10

SPECIAL OFFER. One packet each of the above varieties for $5.

$0 25

85

75
40

10

Jo 35

25

75

25

75

25

75

10

.^5

Brussels Sprouts

Boddington's

Exhibition

This is a page from our 1913 Garden Guide which will be mailed to all gardeners about Dec. 15th, 1912.

If you do not receive a copy, drop us a post card.

WHEN IN THE CITY CALL. ALWAYS WELCOME

ARTHUR T. BODDINGTON, Seedsman, 342 W. 14th Street, New York

GARDENERS'

OF AMERICA

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

A Credit to Any Gardener

AT Haverford, a suburb of Philadelphia, Mr. T. P. Hunter has a palatial manor house
with grounds in perfect keeping.
Here is a glimpse showing the greenhouses and the prominent location given them.
Joseph Hurley is the gardener. The illustration shows what an expert he is.
Always glad to send our friends and would-be customers our catalog.

Lord (Q, BurnHam Co.

York. St. Jan

SALES OFFICES:
nont Bldg. ; Philadelphia, Franklin Bank Bids,
FACTORIES: Irvington, N, Y, : Des Plaine

Chicago. Rockery Bldg, ; Rcclie

Granite Bldg,

fi»r;^«'

Satisfied Customers

AXT'IiEN Mrs. Delancoy Kaiie waiiteil
^ ^ a gri'cnlioiise I'ov her Newport
home we built it for her- it is sliown in
our catalog on pafic 17.

This year, when shp wanteil a house
at her New Kooholle home, on Loni.'
Island Sonnd. we erci'ted the (iiie shown
above.

A satisfied customer is the best recinn-
mendation a concern can have.

All "or customers arc satislicd with
their llitchings' honses.

Our catalofi shows who they arc.

You probalily knciw tlie gardeners at
nuist of the places.

Would yon like U, h:i\c a c.py ?

Hitchings £y Co.

Write to our General Ofliccs ,-uid Factory, l:h/abelh, N, |..
or call at our New V'ork Office, 1 170 Broadvvav

With

Storu

N1:.\I;BV was a choice little garden spot, charm
inKl.v reflective of Ital.v. .Xd.ioinins: it. this
Sim splashed slope of srcen. punctuated here
:inil there h.v flue old trees.

.Mons one side wandered a walk of steppin.a stones
inticins .von to the fiarden of hardy tiowors.

Now where woulrl ,von place a .urcenhouseV

•Pwii-i. unr'(.M;ival.l'i' to encroach on all this with
even so attractivi- a .ii'-cenhoiisc as a t'-Bar.

S<i on the edw of the hardy garden we placed it,
niakins; a cellar underneath for mushrooms.

The result is a simple, diKnilicd littlf house iu
perfect harmony with its environs,

l!v the comliinln;; of (Uir landscape architect's skill
witli our know I. 'dire as Krcenhouse designers and
huilders. thcrr is no douht aliout your setting both a

(thai ami

1,1 for .Ml

lit.

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U-BAR GREENHOUSES

PIER50N U-BAR CO

ONE MADISON AVt. NtWYORK

CANAtHAN OfUCt lOPHILLIFS PLAI.L MONTRtAl

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

BON ARBOR

Awarded Diploma and Silver Medal at 1912
Royal International Exhibition, London, England

It is a complete plant food. Feed
your plants ; get results ; do it now.
Bon Arbor is favorably known every-
where it is used and it is widely
used. Such gardens as those of the
Capitol at Washington, D. C, and the Parliament Gardens,
Ottawa, Canada, and the Royal Windsor Gardens, Eng-
land, on the one side, and over 2000 country estates and
farms on the other, represent the field supplied. Show
flower and vegetable growers find Bon Arbor indispensable.

Bon Arbor is put up as follows :

J4-pound package, making 15 gallons, by mail .$0.30
1-pound package, making 30 gallons, by mail . .55
S-pound package, making ISO gallons, exp. extra... 1.80

25-pound boxes, making 750 gallons 6.25

50-pound boxes, making 1500 gallons 12.50

100-pound boxes, making 3000 gallons 20.00

Barrels, from 250 to 300 lbs., 18c. per lb.
Ask your dealer or write direct.

Ant Destroyer, Positively Kills.

..65c. per lb.

BON ARBOR CHEMICAL CO.

Paterson, N. J., U. S. A.

Write f<rr descriptii
ture also Radix Worn
agricultural chemicals

catalogue, new 1912 edition. We
Eradicator, Insecticides. Weed Kille
Special prices on large quantities.

Get the Best in All Creation

TIP-TOP
TOBACCO POWDER

FOR FUMIGATION

Refuse, Reject the Imitation
$3.00 per Bag, 100 lbs.

Money With Order

Interstate Tobacco Co.

1397-1399 AVENUE A
NEW YORK

The Aphine Manufacturing

Company, Madison, N. J.

M. C. EBEL, Treas. and Gen'l Mgr,

E.xtends to its many friends in the gardening profession and
to all readers

AND

TWENTIETH CENTURY PRODUCTS

You know all about it.

FUNGINE

Effective against mildew, rust, and other blights.
For greenhouse and garden. A spraying material.
Unlike Bordeaux and lime and sulphur it does not
stain but cleanses the foliage.

VERMINE

Soil sterilizer and vermicide for cut, eel, grub and
wire worms, maggots, ants and all soil vermin.
Used one to four hundred parts water by thor-
oughly soaking the ground.. In the greenhouse and
garden it will protect your plants against the rav-
ages under the soil.

SCALINE

A scalicide, fungicide and insecticide combined —
three in one. A winter and summer spray. Com-
posed of oil and sulphur. For San Jose and other
scale and all sap sucking insects which infest trees,
shrubs and hardy plants.

For Sale by Seedsmen.

264

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

MILADY

the new, red forcing rose will be dis-
seminated by us in March.

We can supply Mrs. Chas. Russell
and Mrs. Geo. Shawyer.

Our catalog covers Roses, Carnations,
Chrysanthemums, Geraniums, Cannas,
Bedding Stock, Orchids, Gardenias.
We want you to receive our catalog.
Send us a card and make sure your
address is correct on our maihng list.

A. N. PIERSON

INCORPORATED

CROMWELL, CONN.

Our

Case

Case

Case

250

500

1000

New Crop $6.00

$11.00

$20.00

Cold Storage — Excellent fur

Christmas and Holiday

Forcing 6.50

12.00

22.00

LILY OF THE
VALLEY PIPS

Stock of RUSSIAN LILY of
the Valley is the Finest
Imported

American Pure Culture Mushroom Spawn

10 lbs. will spawn 10 square feet.
This type produces larger Mushrooms than the Eng-
lish, coming into bearing somewhat earlier, and con-
tinuing to crop for a long time. This spawn is pro-
duced by selecting spores from individual specimen
Mushrooms, and is propagated and transferred to the
bricks of manure, which, when planted, produce Mush-
rooms all of one type.

Per Brick (about V^ lb.) 30 cts. Per 10 Bricks, $2.40
Per 25 Bricks, $5. Per 100 Bricks, $15.

50 Barclay Street

New York

CONTENTS OF DECEMBER ISSUE

International Flower Show 264

The Private Gardener. By Robert Craig 265

Camera Snapshots. \\\ \^■. W. Waite 268

Cirowing Cucuml)ers Under Glass 269

Propagation of Herbaceous Perennials. By Win.

Lamb 270

The Aftermath. I!y W'm. E. Tricker 271

Sulphur as a Fertilizer 272

Here, There and Fvcrywhere 17 2>

Seedtime and Harvest. By M. Earle 274

The New Roses 274

The Warburg Estate 275

Editorial Page 277

Dr. W. S. A\'hitmore 277

Association Notes 278

Gardeners Notes 278

Queries and Answers 279

A Novel Group. By Jas. Stuart 280

I'ruit Under Glass, liy James Marlborough 281

National Associations 285

Local Societies - 285

Gardeners' Diary 285

A Gardener's Reunion 285

National Flower Show Prizes 286

Winkers Horticultural Society 286

Morris County Gardeners and Florists Club 287

Nassau Count}' Society 287

\\'estchester and Fairfield Horticultural .Society. . . . 287

Southampton Horticultural Society 287

ORCHIDS

We are specialists in this kind of plants. We
collect, import and grow orchids from all parts of
the world where orchids grow.

We will be glad to fill your order for one plant
or a thousand according to your requirements.

Our beautiful Catalogue and special lists on
application.

LAGER & HURRELL

Orchid-Growers and Importers

SUMMIT, N. J.

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA

ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

Vol. X\'I\

DECEMBER, 1912.

X..

The International Flower Show

Horticulture is a subject especially appropriate for ex-
hibitions, as it affords to the experts in their many-sided
interest lasting inducements to further efforts. An exhi-
bition shows what has already been achieved and what
there is still to learn. It stirs up the gardening enthusi-
asm of both professionals and amateurs and induces them
to spend more money on plants and flowers, thus con-
ferring an added blessing on the profession, says the in-
troductory of a pamphlet just issued by the International
Flower Show Committee.

The immediate effect of an exhibition is difficult to
define, but the efforts to develop and improve the horti-
cultural industry cannot be lightly estimated. The influ-
ence on business relations is far-reaching and enables
horticulturists to get in touch with their colleagues. It
is impossible for questions of general interest to be lim-
ited by geographical frontiers, and professionals from
various .sections of the United States and European coun-
tries will be afforded an opportunity for the interchange
of views and ideas at the THIRD INTERNATIONAL
FLOWER SHOW, which will provide both horticultural
education and scientific results of facilities open to stu-
dents of the profession. All scientific exhibits will have
a bearing on practical horticulture, so that the exhibition
will be of great popular interest. The Show is to make
for a higher standard of horticulture, and will be purely
educational, and with few exceptions the classes are open
to private growers and amateurs, and will enable them to
meet the professionals both as jurors and as exhibitors.

With a prize list aggregating nearly twenty thousand
dollars, exceeding in value the prizes offered at the recent
International Horticultural Show at London, the Third
International Flower Show will be held at the New Grand
Central Palace, New York City, from April 5 to 12,
1913, and will demonstrate the remarkable progress made
in the horticultural industry. The exhibits will be beau-
tifully laid out and present a succession of scenes showing
extreme skill in arrangement. Floriculture, arboriculture,
pomology — all will be represented in magnificent group-
ings. Vegetables, seeds, entomological collections and
horticultural requisites will also be grouped in classes,
and, combined with the whole, will mark an epoch in the
annals of the horticultural business. Never before in
America at a hortfcultural show has the prize list even
approached the value of the one in preparation for the

forthcoming show. i\.t the recent horticultural exhibition
held in London, the greatest of its kind ever held, the
prize list was roughly estimated, by an English horticul-
tural journal, at $19,480. This amount will be exceeded
in the value of the prizes to be oft'ered at the International
Flower Show in 1913.

Each of the previous shows held in this country has
presented special and valuable lessons in horticulture,
and the time has arrived for American gardeners once
more to show the world the utmost efforts of which they
are capable. Owners of private estates are becoming
more and more interested, and the show management
recognizes the desirability of encouraging the attendance
of amateur growers in addition to professional gardeners
and horticultural students.

The fact that an American grower took two or three
carloads of 'ipecimen plants to the London International

\i:W GRAM) CENTR.\L P-ALACE.

SliDw and won t\\cnt\-t\\o jn-izes is something which can
liardly be permitted without a return challenge exhibit at
an American show, and several European exhibits have
been promised.

The |5rizes in every section are very liberal. More than
a thousand dollars are offered for rose plant exhibits, and
this amount will be more than duplicated for exhibits of
cut roses. The carnation and sweet pea awards will be
on the same liberal scale. The orchid section will be most
interesting, the many very substantial prizes being calcu-

266

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

lated to bring out an unusual number of exhibits cover-
ing both cut flowers and plants. . The twelve classes for
bulbous plants and flowers should prove very popular to

MAIN HALL. CENTRE.

growers of bulbous flowers, both professional and ama-
teur. The prizes in the classes covering the general
groups and collections of flowering and foliage plants are
very generous, as well as those for specimen and decora-
tive groups.

A preliminary schedule was prepared and sent out sev-
eral months ago, but this naturally covered mainly the
sections entailing very early preparation for exhibits.
The schedule covering the classes for cut flowers and
exhibits not requiring any length of time for preparation
will appear in the final schedule, and will be published
before the first of next year. The exhibits will be attract-
ively displayed in the magnificent home of expositions,
the New Grand Central Palace, which is especially adapted
for this purpose. The building occupies the entire block
on Lexington avenue from Forty-sixth to Forty-seventh
streets, New York City. It is convenient of access to
visitors coming in vehicles, in cars or on foot, and its
location is in the center of the city and the heart of the
hotel district.

Co-operation is the keynote of the modern business
world, and nowhere is it being more fully exemplified than
in the horticultural profession. A great many owners of
large estates in the vicinity of New York have already sig-
nified their intention of attending, and by their subscrip-
tions and good wishes are planning to make this show the
greatest success in the history of horticulture in America.

The Private Gardener

By Robert Craig, of Philadelphia.

[Read before the convention of the National Associa-.
tion of Gardeners at Newark, N. J., November 19, 1912.]

I use the term "Private Gardener" because it is one in
common use and well understood to distinguish one who
has charge of a garden or grounds and culti-
vates vegetables, plants and flowers, not to sell,
but for the use of those who employ him to
do this work. The gardener assists and directs
nature in producing everything which grows out of
the ground for man's use ; for the gratification of his
palate, and which is capable of ministering to his sense
of beauty. His work is to provide not only food for the
body, but also "food for the soul." We sometimes see an
advertisement in the daily papers like this : "Wanted, a
gardener who understands care of horses," or "who can
milk." Such an ad. is a sad abuse of the word ; what is
wanted is a handy laborer, or man of all work. Much that
I shall say today cannot specially be applied to him.

I know that my audience includes many who are not
gardeners, but I feel that tliey, in their interest in the
subject, will pardon me if tlie greater part of my remarks
are directed specially to gardeners. I choose the subject
because I conceive that it is one of more importance than
is generally assigned to 'it and that the private gardener
is likely to play a part of continually growing importance
in American life. His influence on the future of horticul-
ture is powerful for good or for evil. If he be a capable,
energetic and honest man, he will do much work as will
make his employer a patron of gardening, and if he be
ignorant, careless and dishonest he will not only ruin him-
self, but will damage the cause he misrepresents. Allow
me to recite a couple of instances occurring in my own
neighborhood which illustrate this point :

I was well acquainted with a wealthy gentleman who
built new greenhouses and started to improve the grounds
surrounding his fine mansion. He was fortunate in se-
curing a fine English gardener, newly arrived in this
country; his place rapidly improved under the new gar-

dener's care, and after two years' work, when the owner
saw he was getting good results, he became greatly inter-
ested, and invested freely large sums to carry on the im-
provements and enrich the grounds with plantings of rare
and beautiful trees and shrubs; he built additional green-
houses, bought many jilants, and also a fine collection of
orchids. Everything prospered and was a source of great
pleasure to the owner and his friends, when suddenly the
good gardener was stricken with an incurable disease and
had to give up his work. The place was then put in
charge of his first assistant, a young man about twenty-
six years old, who was given a fine opportunity to make
a name for himself, but he could not stand even a little
prosperity ; he took to drinking and playing the races, and
during a spree in which he did not put in an appearance
for two days, an accident to the boilers resulted in the
entire stock of plants being frozen to death. The owner,
who had plenty of money to spend in gratifying his
tastes, lost all interest in gardening and became a liberal
patron of other fine arts. His collection of paintings and
examples of fine sculpture are known far and wide, but
the greenhouses are empty, the garden neglected, and it
is not likely the owner's interest in these will ever be
revived.

Another instance coming under my innnediate ob-
servation interested me still more : One of the wealthiest
men in the neighborhood of Philadelphia, retiring from
active business, built one of the finest mansions in the
State, employed the highest talent in landscape garden-
ing, and with -a large force of men, in a couple of years
had the n^w place greatly improved. He employed a
voung German gardener who had previously, at a salary
of only $60 per month, made a good name for himself;
gave him entire charge, and he worked with such intelli-
gence, industry and honesty, that the employer built
for him additional ranges of glass abojjt two years ago at
a cost of fifty thousand dollars, and allows him to spend
annually a large sum in improving the place. Only last

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

267

summer he took a trip to Europe at his employer's ex-
pense, with power to purchase such rare plants as he
might select. His salary is now quite satisfactory to him.
Oh ! but you say, this was a rare case ; perhaps it was,
but I am sure at the rate wealth is increasing in this coun-
try the number of such places will steadily increase. I
like to quote Lord Bacon on this point: "When ages grow
to civility and elegancy men come to build stately, sooner
than to garden finely, as if gardening were the greater
perfection.''

The problem of how a gardener should set about
PREPARING HLMSELF FOR HIS LIFE WORK is,
in this country, a serious one. In the older countries of
Europe opportunities to acquire a thorough knowledge of
all departments are plentiful. There are so many estates
on which the grounds are admirably planned and planted
and where there are numerous houses adapted for prop-
agating and growing everything for the garden ; cold
pits and cold houses ; intermediate houses and "stove"'
houses with graperies, fruit house* and hot beds, so that
a man may get a thorough knowledge of gardening in all
branches; and there are many conmiercial places which
carry on all lines and where boys may go and learn the
business as they grow to manhood. There are only very
few such commercial places in America. In this country
almost all the trade establishments cultivate specialties, as
roses, carnations or palms. Nearly all of our good all-
around gardeners get their training abroad, and it is well
for any young man who can get a chance to learn gar-
dening under such a man, either on a large private place
or in a park, some of which in the larger cities, I am glad
to say, have now large ranges of glass and grow every-
thing but vegetables, which is a very important branch
and on which I may have a few words to say later. Some
of our colleges have now facilities for teaching gardening.
I wish that all of the colleges would follow the e.xample
of Cornell, where they have six greenhouses in which
students may gain a practical knowledge of plant growth,
learn how to prepare soil and manure, and have oppor-
tunity to gain a general knowledge of advanced garden-
ing. Many of the colleges have now a course in forestry,
and I understand that young men getting diplomas, if
otherwise fitted, can readily procure employment at fair
salaries. It seems to me that the time is now ripe for all
the leading colleges to build ranges of glass and have
courses in practical horticulture. Graduates from these
classes, and otherwise desirable, would have an advantage
over uneducated men in securing the best positions. The
recent establishment of classes in landscape gardening
by the Florists' Club of Boston is of great advantage to
those near enough to take aflvantage, and is an example
for all similar institutions e\cry where to imitate.

Important as is the subject of forestry, gardening is
equally so. We can see on the part of American business
men a growing disposition as soon as they are financially
able, to establish gardens for their u.se and enjoyment and
as the most pleasant refuge from our all too strenuous life.

To the gardener who wants to improve himself, books
are a paramount necessity. The recorded wisdom of the
ages is at your service here. Nicholson's "Dictionary of
Gardening" and Bailey's "Cyclopedia of American Horti-
culture" should be in the jiossession of every gardener;
they describe nearly every plant in cultivation and their
cultural notes are of very great value. I will not attempt
naming all the good books but cannot refrain from men-
tioning Jcnkin's "Art of Propagation and Improvement
of Cultivated Plants" ; Professor Taft's "Greenhouse Con-
struction" ; Hunt's "How to Grow Cut Flowers" ; Hen-
derson's "Practical Floriculture"; Falconer's "Mush-
rooms and How to Grow Them" ; Elwanger and Rey-
nolds Hole, on "Roses" ; Downing's "Fruits and Fruit

Trees" ; Peter Henderson's "Gardening for Profit" ; Mrs.
Van Rensellaer's "Art Out of Doors"; "The Principles
of the Harmony and Contrast of Colors," by W. E. Chev-
reul ; Herrington and Smith on "Chrysanthemums."

Cultivate a love of books; it is a habit that grows by
indulgence ; as the fondness for books grows you can add
to your library ; all the larger seed houses now carry the
best of the horticulture books which you are privileged
to look over and select according to your needs or taste.
Subscribe for one or more of the trade papers and get
your names on the list of the Agricultural Stations so as
to get up-to-date information ; the result of the latest
experiments along all lines. The seedsmen's catalogues
are great educational factors. I know of no greater im-
provement horticulturally than in the character and con-
tents of these valuable publications. A gardener should
study natural landscapes so as to readily apprehend their
points of beauty and their beauty as a whole, and then
with "the art that doth mend nature," put the finishing
touches thereto.

Every garden may be made more interesting by ex-
celling in some specialty ; every gardener should have a
hobby. If the place be a small one and your opportunity
meagre, take in the flower line, Pansies, Verbenas or
Phlox Drummondii or the Herbaceous Phlox and in the
greenhouse plants, either Cyclamen, Cineraria, Primula,
etc. By saving your own seed, carefully selecting, year
after year, the finest, it is astonishing how you can improve
the varieties in any species. Like results follow a similar
course in vegetables. Buy, for instance, the finest varie-
ties of corn and select from these for seed the ears that
contain the greatest average of good points, as flavor,
size and good appearance and you are likely to get corn
better than you can buy. Or if your place and oppor-
tunity are greater, start, for instance, making a collection
of Conifers, in groups or in single specimens, or a collec-
tion of Rhododendrons, or Lilacs, of which there are now
so many fine kinds; or Roses or Paconias or similar plants
in the hardy garden. Vou will find in a few years your
constant and careful pursuit of your hobby will result in
making you and the place you represent more or less
famous,' and your application to work along a special line
will enable you to give valuable points to your fellows.
As Emerson says, "If you make shoes better than anyone
else you will find a path beaten to your cottage door."

It is profoundly interesting to study how new varieties
come. Nature works, often we know not how, in bring-
ing forth new varieties, the influence of heredity undoubt-
edly prevails to some extent and instances are not want-
ing to show that it does. Let me give you just one in my
own experience. Three years ago we made a number of
crosses in Carnations, using the variety Harlowarden as
one of the parents; you will recollect that this sort has a
very long, very desirable stem and we noticed that about
one-fifth of these seedlings had this Harlowarden stem,
but there were characteristics developed in a number of
seedlings which had no visible connection with either of
the parents. Sometimes, however, the influence of both
parents can be distinctly traced. Time will allow me to
mention only one or two instances. Many of you will
recollect the introduction of the "Daybreak" Carnation, a
charming variety which had not many stems, but these
were long and stiff and every shoot i)rnduced a flower.
.\bout the same time was introduced "Tidal Wave,"
which produced many stems but lacking in length ; the
crossing of these two varieties produced the famous
"Lawson," which inherited the good points of both varie-
ties. Among the seedlings with Lawson blood has been
found Enchantress, which I think has more good qualities
than any other variety and following along this line has
resulted in producing a free blooming, vigorous type

268

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

which has made Mr. Fislier famous. The results of Mr.
Walsh's work in roses of the Wichuriana type are little
short of marvelous. The man who does such things is a
public benefactor. But if, while man can do something in
breeding from types, nature is always at work and often
produces, we know not how, valuable "breaks" in seed-
ling or sports, which are frequently lost because the gar-
dener fails to recognize their merit and propagate and
perpetuate them. Private gardeners have done much in
the past to preserve and propagate good new things and
should be ever on the alert to take advantage of any
opportunities along this line which kind nature may afford.
The famous Seckel pear was a "chance" seedling found
growing along the roadside and man had no hand in its
origin, but some one should receive the blessings of gene-
rations for preserving and propagating it.

One of the main branches of work for the private gar-
dener is the growing of vegetables. Our enterprising
seedsmen are continually introducing new varieties and a
large percentage of these novelties have merit and occa-
sionally there is a great advance over previous varieties.
Be ever on the alert for the good new things.

There should be an abundance of vegetables for Spring,
Summer and Fall, and where the facilities exist, in the
Winter also. George Eliot says : "No man can be wise
on an empty stomach," and I5en Jonson, that "a good
dinner lubricates business." No dinner is complete with-
out fresh vegetables and many of the very finest, luscious
and delicately flavored cannot be purchased in the mar-
kets, because they do not pay to grow commercially. If
you can furnish your employer a regular supply of these
dainties, you will find yourself in close touch with him,
and he .is likely to help you in any of your plans. Vege-
tables grown under glass are superior to those grown
outdoors, in tenderness, crispness and fine flavor and
every large garden should have special houses or ranges
of houses for this purpose; these need not be expensive
structures, and may be in any out-of-the-way place so as
not to interfere with the architectural effect of the plant
structure ; connected with these vegetable houses there
could be other inexjjensive houses where seedlings could
be started, dormant plants kept, and much of the i«epotting
and unsightly work done, thus giving opportunity to keep
the show houses more attractive.

Now, a few words on the importance of industry. From
the very earliest times, the great men have extolled the
value of industry, "Go to the ant, thou sluggard, consider
her ways, and be wise" has served for the text of many a
powerful sermon ; the expression that "Genius is only an
infinite capacity for work" has been endorsed by many
thinkers. Napoleon said, "I have never found the limit
of my capacity for work." In short, the men who have
made their mark in the world have been at a loss for
words to express themselves strongly enough on the sub-
ject. Don't be afraid of work and don't forget that "Folks
who never do more than tliey are paid for, never get
paid for more than they do." Let not the amount of pay
he your main consideration, rather see how much and how
well you can do the work ; the real reward that life holds
out for work is the increased capacity to do more and bet-
ter work, and consequently greater satisfaction and en-
joyment. The man who wants an indolent life is not fitted
for a gardener. Many good men fail to do their best for
want of courage, and faith in themselves, and from lack
of energy and ambition ; there are not so many failures
from want of capacity. Hrvrick says: "The great man
is not so great as folks think, nor the stupid man so stupid
as he seems."

The late Peter Henderson, a great gardener, close ob-
server and successful business man, often said that he did
not think there was so much difference in the mental ca-

jiacity of men as in their courage, ambition and industry.
Have faith in yourself and loyalty to your employer. I
am fond of saying of Fra Elbertus, "If put to the point,
an ounce of loyalty is worth a pound of cleverness."
Don't be afraid to undertake all the time bigger things;
your ability will grow in your earnest attempts to accom-
plish ; and, don't be afraid of manual labor if occasion re-
quires ; it will not lessen, but increase your mental power ;
a stiffening and strengthening of the spinal column begets
no weakness of the mind; "a sound mind in a sound
l)ody." The immortal Lincoln split rails, and it was only
recreation for Gladstone to cut down immense trees with
an axe. The advantage of outdoor exercise is recog-
nized everywhere. The orator in the English Parliament
exclaimed : "The battlefields of England were won on the
cricket field of Eton" ; there was as much force in the re-
joinder of the Irish member: "They were won on the bogs
of Ireland."

One of the most encouraging points in gardening is the
improvement in greenhouse architecture since the days of
small glass and heating by brick flues. Many of the more
ambitious structures of early date were failures for prac-
tical purposes ; architecturally effective, they were fre-
quently poorly heated and otherwise defective from a cul-
tural standpoint. Thanks to frequent consultations in re-
cent years between architects and advanced gardeners, the
more modern houses have gained in appearance and are
almost perfect in producing results.

The problem of compensation for gardeners is an in-
teresting one ; most gardeners think it is poorly paid work,
and perhaps it is, considering how much has to be learned.
1 think, however, the money reward rests largely with the
individual ; there can be nothing like a uniform scale of
wages. I had, for instance, paid my foreman about $1,200
a year, but I must say that one to whom I paid $2,000 per
annum was the most profitable one to me. I think, on
the whole, the outlook for first-class gardeners is good.
Never in the history of nations has wealth increased so
fast as in the United States during the past quarter of a
century, and a majority' of the wealthy men will, in the fu-
ture, I venture to say, find their highest pleasure in de-
veloping their garden and country estates. On the fine
old estates in England, France and Germany, no one is
more respected, nor in closer, kindlier touch with the/
owner than the head gardener. As fast as men fit them-
selves in character, deportment and ability, this is coming
to pass here ; but, admitting that salaries might in some
cases be justly increased, we must not forget that garden-
ingf has many advantages for those who are fond of it.
It is the most healthful of all occupations ; it is one of the
fine arts. Ruskin has defined fine art as any in which the
head, hand and heart work together. I cannot see why
the gardener cannot take as much pleasure as the owner.
"He who admires is the real possessor" ; "there is no an-
cient gentlemen, but gardeners."

"Give fools their gold and knaves their power,

Let fortune's bubble rise and fall.
Who sows a field, or trains a flower.
Or plants a tree, is more than all."

NATIONAL FLOWER SHOW

APRIL 5-12, 1913

GRAND CENTRAL PALACE

NEW YORK

Camera Snapshots

By W. H. Waite.

No. 4 — Primula Malacoides. — This beautiful baby prim-
rose has so far been somewhat of a disappointment to
many growers, due partly to the description of it given in
some of the catalogues last spring, in some of which, it
is said, it may be had in bloom at any time and in a few
months from the time of sowing. This is not quite true,
as seed sown last jMarch is not yet in flower, and seed
sown in May is just as far advanced, and, if anything,
better plants than those sown earlier. The general mis-
take that has been made this season with this plant was
the sowing of the seed too early. The month of May, I
find, is soon enough to sow the seed. In the early sowings
the plants get so large and soft that during the hot, humid
weather they dampen off very readily.

With these large and soft plants I have found it a good
plan to cut them entirely over, keeping them a little dry
and starting them up afresh.

They want to be grown in a cool, light, airy place, and
should never be syringed over head. Many growers have
spoken to me about this plant, and they all seem to be
disappointed so far with it, but to those who are not ac-
quainted with it but are grow'ing it for the first time I
would ask them to be a little more patient, for when well
grown this is a most beautiful primula, and they will all
be more than satisfied with it yet.

No. 5 — Phlox Elizabeth Campbell. — The hardy
Phlo.xes are amongst the most desirable of our border
plants, and the past few years have seen a wonderful im-
provement, both in size and coloring. They are so cheap
and easily propagated that there is no reason why the
old-fashioned varieties with their objectionable colors and
mildewed leaves should not be discarded entirely.

While there are a numlaer of good varieties that I could
recommend that are still wiiat one might sav are uncom-

mon, the subject of this note and illustration is one of
which I am especially fond, and one which I find is a great
favorite, with nearly every one who sees it. In color it is
a bright salmon pink with lighter shadings, something
we have not had in Phloxes previous to the introduction
of this variety.

In strong young plants the truss is perfect in form, and
the fiorets large; I have seen them often without exag-
geration the size of a silver dollar.

ruiMii.A ^r \T..\roinEs.

I'llI.OX KirZAIlETII CAMPP.KIJ..

\MiiIe on the subject of Phloxes a few notes on their
propagation would not be out of place. I find that the
best and quickest method is bj' root cuttings ; cut the roots
into sections of an inch or so in length, sow thinly in
flats, the same as seeds, cover with a layer of sand and
keep them in a temperature of about 40 degrees, and they
will in a few weeks come up as thick as grass. Now is a
good time to prepare for tiiis work ; root cuttings put in
now will all make blooming plants by next fall. The
photograph herewith illlustrated was made in September
from a young plant rooted from a root cutting propa-
gated in March ; there were several hundred in the batch
and every one had a spike just as good.

I do not think this method of propagation is so well
known as it ought to be. I gather this from the fact tjiat
in conversation with a college professor of horticulture
it was entirely new to liim. This method is used in all
the large liardy plant nurseries and ex|)lains why a new
variety can in a few months be sold by the thousands.

No. 6 — Bush ChrysanlJiemums exhibited at the New
"N^ork Show. — The accompanying illustration is, I think,
of sufficient interest to find a place in the pages of the
Chronicle. I believe I am justified in saying that never
lieforc in the history of liorticulture, either in this or any
other country, have such splendid specimens been

270

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

exhibited, and the growers, J. Canning, superintendent to
A. Lewisohn, and his foreman, James Campbell, deserve
the greatest of praise.

The varieties were Lady Lydia, R. F. Felton and
\A'ells Late Pink ; by actual measurement they were
eleven feet six inches in diameter.

Not only was their great size the main feature, but
tlie shape and finish in training was ])erfect. An exhibit

such as this made a splendid drawing card for the show,
and the daily press featured it.

To all who have grown specimen plants, and know the
difficulty, in getting them in shape to a show, considering
the fact that these plants were brought a distance of
about thirty miles in farm wagons, and placed in the
museum in the splendid shape in which they were shown,
1 sav. 1 lats ofif to T' >hn Canning and his able assistants.

ExinniTi ji

, iruAi. lllslnK^■. M-.w ^.

GROWING ENGLISH ^ ''^^^ °^^T wondered why

CUCUMBERS UNDER ^" "T' '''°' ' "" °'\"''"'';
ri A<?X '"■" common varieties of

cucumbers which are often
tough and strong flavored, when with very little outlay
a very superior type of this luuch esteemed vegetable can
be produced.

The most suitable structure for growing a crop in is
a low span roofed house having benches on either side.
There should be some kind of a wire trellis to train the
l^lants to. I prefer to train to wires stretched lengthways
of the house about (i inches from the glass and about 8
inches ai)art.

.Sow the seed in 3-inch jxils filled with fibrous loam. I
sow two seeds in a pot, and when germination has taken
place I pull out the weakest plant. .\ temperature of 70
degrees is about proper for germination. When plants
are showing the first rough leaf make up the beds for
])lanting out in the greenhouse. A good plan is to place
a layer of hotbed manure on the benches and on it at in-
tervals of Sy^ feet make a mound of compost composed of
good fibrous loam and well decayed manure, placing about
a bushel to a mound.

As soon as the plant* have made two rough leaves, plant
on the mound, so deep as to bury the stems of the plants
up to the cotyledons. Place a stake to each ])lant, tying
it to the trellis at the nearest point. From this stage
everything to promote vigorous growth should be done.
A temperature of not less than 60 degrees at night, rising
to 'X) degrees in the daytime, is very suitable. Ventilate
whenever the glass rises to 7S degrees. Syringe or hose
in the afternoon and close up the house when the sun

heat is on the decline. This will keep the house warm all
night in the summer.

Keep the soil uniform with regard to moisture. Top
dress whenever plants show signs of hunger, with a com-
post similar to the compost recommended to plant in.
When the plants have grown half way up the trellis, pinch
out the leading growth and keep the laterals trained
evenly over the wires. Pinch at one joint beyond wher-
ever a fruit shows.

.Always keep the plants well tied up, as when carrying
a heavy crop they sometimes break down under the weight
of the cucumbers. Watering with a little liquid manure
once a week is beneficial. During very hot weather shade
the glass or the leaves will scorch. Keep off male blos-
soms as insects will carry pollen and pollinate the female
blossoms, which results in the plants going to seed. Dry-
ness at the roots results in crooked fruits. Of insect
pests, the red spider is the most troublesome, but plenty
of moisture is the best preventive.

Fungoid diseases sometimes make their appearance,
and sulphur is the best remedy. Apply to the foliage with
a duster. If a temjierature of 60 degrees can be main-
tained at night, either by closing up the house early or
by heating apparatus, the plants will thrive and good re-
turns can be expected. I have cut nearly 1,700 fruits
from 12 to 18 inches in length ofT thirty-eight plants, or
an average of about 45 per plant.

Cultivation in frames varies little from the above meth-
nds with the exception of training on wires, frame grown
jilants being allowed to trail on soil.

S.XMUEL Clark,
The Gardens, Rodman liall, St. Catharines, Ont., Can.

Propagation of Herbaceous Perennials

By William Lamb.

SEED SOWING.

This group of plants is so large and varied that it would
be impossible to give fixed rules and methods that would
apply equally well to them all ; at the same time they do
fall into groups by which they may be considered in-
telligently and to which general principles may be applied.

A thorough plantsman can usually tell by the look of
a plant if it is possible to propagate it from cuttings, or
if it will be necessary to layer, bud, graft or by division,
or if it will come true from seed.

Propagation by seed is the most natural method and a
great majority of Herbaceous Perennials may be propa-
gated in this manner.

There is a decided advantage in having a greenhouse
that can be used for propagating perennials ; operations
can be started in January, and in the case of certain cut-
tings, early in December.

The greenhouse requires no special construction, so
long as it is light and the temperature can be kept to about
55 degrees at night in cold weather.

Seed boxes should be made three inches deep and a
uniform size to fill the entire space on the bench, so no
room may be wasted. If for any reason the seed boxes
must be shifted or the seedlings become large enough to
j^rick oft', the boxes can be readily closed up or others set
in their places. When making boxes always allow for
drainage by leaving cracks between the boards or bore
holes in them.

When preparing the seed boxes put a layer of rocks in
the bottom, then about one inch of well-rotted manure
after which fill with screened soil, level with the top of the
box. Use the fingers to press the soil down firm and
even, the center will be found firm enough, work the soil
toward the corners when it is loose. Wlien ready for
sowing the seed, the surface of the soil should be level
and about one-half inch below the top edge of the box.

Judgment must be used as to how thick seed should
be sown. Large seed, such as Lupinus polyphyllus, re-
quire more space than small seed like Heuchera san-
guinea.

A box 16 inches by 19 inches will produce three or four
hundred Lathyrus latifolius, while the same box would
grow almost as many thousand Campanula carjjatica
seedlings ready for pricking oft^ or transplanting.

After sowing the seed, press it into the soil with a
small piece of smooth board, then all the seed will be
about the same depth, and if covered evenly with fine
screened soil, most of the little seedlings will break
through the ground at the same time.

Wooley or winged seed, such as Anemone Pulsatilla.
Gaillardia, Echinops, etc., cannot be pressed into the soil
like .\(|uilegia. Campanula, Lychnis and other hard seed,
and require more soil for covering.

When sowing seed outside, a good rule to follow is to
cover the seed with soil, a depth equal to the thickness of
the seed. This is not necessary inside, especially if the
seed be pressed down evenly with a board ; harm can only
come from watering improperly.

A thorough watering shoukl be given with a can and
fine rose, after sowing the seed and the box has been set
on the bench or in the place where it is going to remain
while the seed is germinating. Never handle a box of
seed just after watering, as a crust is sure to form on top
of the soil. Nothing else but a can and fine rose should
ever be used when watering seed boxes or small seedlings.

Shade the seed boxes with paper until the seedlings
begin to break through the soil. The shade keeps the
soil moist, helps to prevent the covering of soil forming
a crust on top of the seedlings, and seed will germinate
more quickly in the dark.

The shade must be removed when the seedlings begin
to break through the soil or they will grow lanky and
damp oft'.

Begin in January by sowing seed that will germinate
quickl}-, such as Bellis perennis, Myosotis palustris, Alys-
sum saxatile, etc., follow every couple of days by sowing
a few more boxes of seed, so they will not all be ready for
pricking oft' about the same time. This work can then be
taken care of without extra help until work begins out-
side, about the first of March.

While it requires two or three weeks for seed to germi-
nate in January, one or two weeks is sufficient time to
germinate the same seed in the latter part of February
and March.

It is best to sow seed of new plants and very small
quantities of seed about the first of March, for the largest
percentage of seed to germinate. I have found a great
many kinds of seed will produce the greatest percentage
of seedlings if sown outside a couple of weeks after it
has ripened on the plants.

Alwavs allow for two or three sowings of the same
kind of seed. Sow about one-third of the packet of seed
at the first sowing, in case of failure through dull weather
or other causes, enough will be left to try again, when
the weather is more favorable. There are more clear
(lavs as spring approaches and the sun gives more heat
each day.

The temperature should not go below 55 degrees at
night and 65 degrees in the tlay. The ventilators should
he opened every day,, if only for a short time, no matter
how cold it may be outside. This will help to prevent the
voung seedlings from damping off, especially in January
and February, when there are so many dull days. It
freshens the inside atmosphere and heljis to keep down
a large family of aphis.

The seedlings will grow so thick at times as to raise the
soil in a crust, instead of pushing through it. This crust
is formed of the fine soil used when covering the seed at
the time of sowing. This crust must be taken off to .save
the seedlings; if it will not wash down between the little
plants after watering, lift it off with a thin piece of wood,
a label is usually most convenient.

Seedlings are ready for pricking off or transplanting,
when the first set of leaves have formed, after the seed
leaves.

\'ery small seedlings, such as Lobelia, .\stilbe. Cam-
panula, etc., are best left to grow until they are large
enough to handle, before an attempt is made to trans-
plant them. If seedlings grow too thick and begin to
damp oft', have them pricked off at once. An experienced
boy will transplant some very small seedlings and they
will grow, too.

Count on getting twelve hundred good seedlings from
each bo.x of seed sown and one hundred good jjlants from
each box of seedlings, when they are ready for potting or
planting out.

For pricking off seedlings, use the same size boxes as
for sowing seeds : they may be shifted about and fill all
the space on the bench.

.•\ box 16 in. x 19 in. will hold, as a rule, ten rows of

272

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

plants, and twelve plants to the row, or 120 plants. Plants
from these boxes will stand potting into 2y2 in. and 3-in.
pots, if intended for selling as pot plants in April and
May. Some small seedlings can be planted more thickly,
those with narrow foliage like Tritoma and plants with
small foliage. Young plants can be kept growing in
these boxes, in good condition for planting out in the
open ground, a period of six to eight weeks.

When room becomes scarce in the greenhouse, these
boxes of plants may be placed under the benches for a
short time, until the weather is favorable to shift them to
the cold frames, where they should be left to harden off
before planting out in the ground.

After each box of seedlings is pricked off, set it on
the greenhouse bench, where it is to remain while the
plants are growing. Give a thorough watering with the
can and fine rose, then shade with paper for a few days
until the young plants begin to grow and can stand the
sunlight without drooping. Shade a little later each day
and uncover a little earlier ; this helps the plants to be-
come accustomed to the sun in less time.

Weeds should be picked out as soon as they are large
enough to pull. Naturally the weeds grow best and if
allowed a good start, a crop of weak plants is the result.

Keep the surface of the soil loose by drawing an eight-
penny nail, back and forth, between the rows of plants,
this allows the water to settle through the soil, to the roots
instead of lying on top.

Much can be said in favor of growing plants from seed,
in boxes until they are ready for planting out in the open
rounds, especially if they are to be sold as field grown
plants.

They occupy much less room than if grown in pots, a
large item when propagating stock in the greenhouse.
The pots and all the time it would require to handle in
the operation of potting is saved.

They are shifted from the greenhouse to the frames or
place of planting in less time and instead of hundreds of
empty pots to gather and store away in bins, there are a
few boxes.

When planting they can be handled more readily than
pot plants, if knocked out of the boxes properly, in one
sod. Then as much as the planter can handle with one
hand is taken from the sod, the separate plants being
broken off as they are placed in the trench. — American
Nurseryman.

(To be continued.)

THE AFTERMATH.

By Wm. E. Tricker.

The Queen of Autumn has again passed another
eventful season; the exhibitors with their strenuous
struggles and battles are finished — the victors wallow-
ing in glory and the man who was defeated setting
his teeth with a stronger determination to lift the
coveted honors another season.

Yet there are men upholding the assertion that the
'mum today is no better than twenty years ago. Look
over all the exhibitions and see what varieties hold
the laurels. Is it the introduction of twenty or even
five years ago? Compare Robinson and Merza with
Wm. Turner and Mrs. Gilbert Drabble; Bessie God-
frey and Appleton with Ramapo and Mrs. Lloyd
Wigg, and see how far ahead the latter varieties are.

An exhibitors' list of several years ago would in-
clude varieties such as Ben Wells, Golden Wedding.
F. A. Cobbold, Jones, Church, Hutton, Salisbury, and
Cheltoni. Consider for one moment where the ex-
hibitor would stand a ghost of a chance today with
the above mentioned varieties. The intellisrent man is

well aware of the wonderful strides being made in the
"mum line, and therefore knows that to keep the pace
he must procure the latest and best of the new season's
varieties. Looking back, especially the past ten years,
an exhibitor with the prize card has always staged at
least 50 per cent, of the novelties — take the past ex-
hibitions for instance, where Converse, Drabble
Angus, Turner, etc., swept all before them.

Never before has the 'mum fever been so high and
every year we see new competitors aspiring to dis-
tinction and fame. What further demonstration does
one need to verify the fact that the 'mums were never
so large or embraced such distinctive colors as at the
present day?

Passing from the Japanese varieties to the single
flowered kinds, it is astonishing to note the stage they
have arrived at. No gardener can afford to be without
them. Wliat can fill their place? What looks more
exquisite and charming than the singles with their
great variation in color? What flowers can be used to
better advantage on the dining table and in the vases
about the home? Their simplicity makes them at-
tractive to even the most critical. There are so many
varieties grown that one has to see them in flower to
select. The large semi-disbudded types are no doubt
the most popular. The finest yellows this year were
Josephine, Chas. Kingsley, ^larjorie Lloyd. In pink,
Joan Edwards and Sam. Nash. In white, Mensa, W.
Buckingham ; and Dorothy Dann, a beautiful salmon
bronze, along with Ruby Beauty and Alex Rowbot-
tom, both distinct crimsons, make up a collection that
cannot be surpassed. There were also many other
varieties well worthy of a place in the greenhouses of
a gentleman who want^the best of everything.

Then we also have the large outdoor flowering type,
showing an array of color and variety rarely seen un-
der glass.

As the days pass into the chill autumn, what is more
pleasing than seeing a border of color or a clump here
and there growing naturally and enhancing the sur-
roundings.

During the past two years there has been introduced
into this country many of the French and English
varieties, out of which there has been selected fifty or
more varieties that are good growers, verj^ floriferous,
and in fact better adapted to this country than their
native home. It need not be inferred that these are
the Marie Masse type, but are the result of crossing
and recrossing the larger decorative varieties, and
these kinds are hardy practically over the entire coun-
try, provided they have a light covering of loose hay
or manure.

Such varieties as Ethel Blades, Petit Louise, L'Ar-
gentuillius, L'Aisne, Harvest Home, Champagne, Car-
melite, etc., are some of the best doers and need very
little attention. There are some fifty splendid varie-
ties out of the many hundreds that have been tested
for the past two years that are best adapted for this
country with its varying climatic conditions.

\\'e predict that in a year a two these early flower-
ing varieties will take the place of the Pompoms, since
they always flower early enough to make a splendid
showing for six or seven weeks, while the Pompoms
in too many cases are not in flower until too late to be
really eft'ective.

ADVERTISERS:

Our March issue will be the
Sho\v Number

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

273

SULPHUR AS A FERTILIZER.

NEW IDEAS IN PLANT FEEDING.

Remarkable discoveries regarding the use of sulphur
as a fertilizer have been made both in Europe and Amer-
ica during the last two or three years. Since the articles
telling of these new ideas have been published in tech-
nical journals not accessible to the average man interested
in agriculture, it seems worth while to gather the impor-
tant facts together so that they may be available to the
practical agriculturist.

The work of E. B. Hart and W. H. Peterson of the
University of Wisconsin will first be considered, as it is
in many respects the most important. These men, while
investigating the supply of sulphur in feeds and its re-
lation to wool production, found it necessary to deter-
mine the amounts of sulphur in common crops used as
feeds. Their determinations showed such startling dis-
crepancies from Wolfe's tables and other standard sources
as to the amounts of sulphur found in plants that they
made a thorough investigation of the subject.

Formerly when the amount of sulphur in a plant was
to be determined the plant was ignited and the sulphur
in the ash was reported as the amount of sulphur in the
plant. Sulphur, however, in certain forms is volatile,
and when exposed to a high heat is driven off in a gaseous
form and lost. In this way we secured our wrong ideas
regarding the importance of sulphur in plants. It is con-
ceded by all agricultural chemists that sulphur is abso-
lutely indispensable to the growth of plants ; they did
not suppose that it was required, except in extremely
small amounts, hence the common statement that the soil
already contains plenty of sulphur for the crops. Hart
and Peterson went at the problem in a different way.
They found the sulphur in the air-dry plant by a modern
method of analysis. This prevented the losses caused by
ignition and gives us our first reliable information on the
subject.

A few extracts from a table prepared by them will
probably give the practical man the clearest idea of the
importance of their discoveries. In the first column we
have the pounds of sulphur which would be removed per
acre according to the standard authorities previous to
1911. The second table shows the amounts of sulphur
actually removed, and the third the amounts of phos-
phoric acid removed per acre. The last table shows the
relative importance of sulphur and phosphoric acid. The
comparison is surprising in its results.

I II III
Sulphur

According Sulphur Phosphoric

Crop. to Wolfe's Actually Acid

Removed Removed Removed

Pounds Pounds Pounds

per Acre, per .\cre. per Acre.

Wheat (30 bu.) 3.55 15.7 21.1

Barlev (40 bu.) 5.1 14.3 20.7

Oats (45 bu.) 6.2 19.7 19.4

Corn (30 bu.) 5.35 12.0 18.0

Alfalfa (9,000 lbs.) 37.8 64.8 39.9

Turnip 44.4 92.2 33.1

Tobacco 21.0 16.0

Cabbage 62.8 98.0 61.0

Potatoes (3,600 lbs.) 11.5 21.5

It is seen at a glance tliat sulphur in special plants
such as alfalfa, turnip and cabbage is greatly in excess
of phosphoric acid, and in all cases it occurs in large
quantities. Not only is this the case, but sulphur is not
more abundant in the soil than phosphoric acid, what
is gained by rainfall being lost by drainage. From these
facts it is evident that if it is necessary to add phosphoric
acid to the soil, it is also necessary to add sulphur. This
has been done unconsciously to a certain extent, since
superphosphates and gypsum, also ammonium and potas-
sium sulphates, all contain sulphur. These fertilizers
were not used on account of the sulphur contained in
them, however, but for other reasons. The new facts
concerning sulphur help to explain the beneficial action of
some of these substances as compared with others. It is
suggested that the difference may be due more to the
sulphur than the difference in solubility, as formerly
supposed. Hart and Peterson naturally concluded as a
result of their investigations that sulphur must be sys-
tematically added to the soil in order to secure a rational
system of fertilization.

European agricultural scientists have also been giving
attention to sulphur as a fertilizer during the last two or
three years. The fact that they have approached the
matter from an entirely different point of view makes
their results all the more interesting and valuable. Their
methods have been invariably to use some form of sul-
phur directly as a fertilizer in pot or field experiments.
So far as is known they were not aware of the work of
Hart and Peterson ; at least, they seemed to have the idea
that sulphur acted indirectly, affecting the soil bacteria
in some way rather than directly as a plant food.

Maizeres added sulphur at the rate of 250-300 kila-
grams per hectare (2,226 to 4,452 pounds per acre) to
his fields of potatoes and beets. Large increases in the
yields followed, and he decided the value was due to two
causes — the disinfecting action of the sulphur and the
direct entering of the sulphur into the composition of the
plant.

The use of sulphur ii' Germany during 1909, according
to E. Chancrin and A. Desriot, resulted in the reduction
of potato diseases and an increase in yield. Their opin-
ion as to the reason for the beneficial action was that the
sulphur might cause a partial sterilization of the soil,
similar to that caused by heat and other agents.

An article in a German agricultural paper states that
experiments show a reduction of 50 per cent, of the total
number of diseased tubers when the soil was treated with
flowers of sulphur. Not only was this true, but the con-
dition of the soil was improved and the yield increased.

L. Degrully writes that experiments carried on in 1911
showed that 109 g. of sul])hur per square meter (about
975 pounds per acre) doubled the crop of beets and in-
creased the yield of turnips 33 per cent. A large part of
the sulphur appeared later in the soil as sulphates. He
supposed the benefit was due to the direct effect of sul-
phur on the plant.

The practical trials of sulphur in Europe confirm the
laboratory work done in America and show conclusively
that sulphur is a factor to be reckoned with in a rational
fertilizer. It is a point the practical man should be fa-
miliar with, and take into consideration when deciding
on a fertilizer. Sulphur may be applied as flowers of sul-
phur, iron pyrites, gypsum, or in superphosphates, sul-
phates of potassium and ammonium, and stable manures.
It would be an interesting experiment to apply flowers
of sulphur directly to plots of turnips, onions, cabbage
and potatoes, as the first three require particularly large
amounts of sulphur and the latter has responded to the
use of this element in a gratifying manner according to
actual trials. — Rural New Yorker.

HERE, THERE AND EVERYWHERE

"Alost of the periodicals de-
voted to gardening have got
NOT ALL SO. jj^jQ ^[-,g j.^,^ ^]-,^^ Qj^e (-an safely

say in advance what the next
one will contain," says the American Botanist, and "it
is hard to decide whether this is the fault of the pub-
lisher or of his circle of readers. One may indeed
question whether the magazine devoted to the unusual
flowers and vegetables would be as successful as one
that constantly harps on the commoner ones. Cer-
tainly the general public rarely has a taste for any-
thing out of the ordinary in gardening. The great
mass of people still need to be shown that there are
better and more beautiful flowers than the fevv with
which they are familiar. But how are they going to
find out these things if the garden magazines per-
sistently stick to their tulips and cabbages."
Answer, Read the Gardeners Chronicle.

TRAINED HELP.

The greatest need in the
nursery business in America is
for skilled or trained help.
What nurseryman has not felt
and is conthiually feeling the full force of this state-
ment. Laborers are sometimes scarce and more often
very poor quality, but methods, machinery and brains
can to a certain' extent be made to substitute for the
shortage. In the growing of plants, knowing how,
when and what to do at all times and under all circum-
stances requires trained judgment. Men that know
plants practically as well as theoretically. Men who
studied with a spade in their hands as well as in the
class room. Men who the moment they set eyes on
a block of trees know what ought to be done to them
and know how to do it, and the more able they are to
teach others and guide them in their work the more
valuable and scarce they are.

The nursery business'has assumed such proportions
in America tliat a defined efifort should be made to en-
courage young men to follow the nursery business as
a profession.

A young man with brains and ambition enough to
become a good nurseryman is just as able to become
a doctor, lawyer or any of the other professions or
trades. So there must be some inducement. — National
Nurseryman.

The investigation made by

AGRICULTURE the Diplomatic Service in con-

IN FRANCE. nection with President Taft's

elTort to introduce co-operative

credit in the United States reveals splendid results

from systematic organization of agricultural education

in France.

"The value of the annual crops in France during the
fifteen years that have elapsed since this educational
system was introduced has increased by $500,000,000.
This remarkable result is entirely due to improved
methods of cultivation resulting from the educational
advantages now enjoyed."

It would be hard to'rompute the results of improved
methods if they could be generally applied to the

United States, even of the land now under cultivation.
We must stand by our colleges and Agricultural Ex-
perimental Stations, and every efTort that is made
towards the broad-casting of knowledge of plant life.
— Exchange.

In the best farmed districts
DEEP of Europe the farmers plow

PLOWING. deep. It is said that the aver-

age depth of the furrow in
Germany, where grain is intended to be planted, is be-
tw-een eight and nine inches. When sugar beets are
planted the depth of the furrow averages about fifteen
inches.

In this country shallow plowing is the rule. In fact,
much af the cultivated land in the South, especially
on the one-horse farms, is not plowed over four or five
inches deep and many Northern farmers scratch over
their farms and call it plowing. While in fields with
a heavy clay subsoil it is not advisable to turn much
of the hardpan on top of the loam, if the farmers would
jjIow a little deeper each year they w-ould secure larger
crops.

If the lands that wash badly were plowed deep and
kept filled with decaying vegetable matter, the soil
would absorb much more of the water, and there
would be a great deal less damage from gullying.
Then the roots of the plants would penetrate deeper
into the soil and be better able to withstand drought.
— Exchange.

E\'ery new profession offers
VIRTUE IN A a new opportunity for the
NAME. sharks. Forestry is our most

recent example. As we em-
phasized lately, there is a vast difference between a
forester and a tree warden — one who merely attends
to street trees. Officials are realizing this and Phila-
delphia leads with the movement to change the title
of her city "forester" to that of "tree warden." For-
estry has enouo-h to answer for without carrying the
burden of a large and miscellaneous group of imita-
tions which are hiding under the cloak of its name.
— Cotmtrv Gentleman.

Competent Gardeners

q The comlorts ond products ol a country home ore
increased by employing a competent gardener; il you
want to engage one, write to us.

q Please give particulars regarding place and say
whether married or single man is wanted. We have
been supplying them lor years to the best people
everywhere. No lee asked.

PETER HENDERSON & CO.

Seedsmen and Florists
33 and 37 Cortlandt St. NEW YORK CITY

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

SEEDTIME AND HARVEST.

By M. Eari-K.
Through winter frost and summer dew.

Bv garnered wealth and famine bHght,
The ancient pledge of God stands true,

Sealed on His sevenfold of light.

What though the golden year's increase
De blasted once or twice again?

Seedtime and harvest shall not cease ;
The soil shall feed the sons of men.

O. ve who stay your hearts in trust

' Upon that primal pledge of earth,
The rhvthms of sun and star and dust,

Tlie blessing of the harvest's birth —

Can ve not trust a little more

The patience of His slow-wrought plan
Who built the carven coral shore.

And fashioned earth a home for man ?

Shall not His love supply the need

Of heart and mind and soul for bread?

Shall the great God who stoops to feed
The ravens leave His child unfed?

Our souls have known their famine > ears ;

Our hearts have thirsted for His rain;
Yet ever answering our fears

His hour of reaping came again.

O, trust Him in the days of dearth,

O, praise Him in the frost and dew.

The Lord who gives the fruits of earth.
Shall bringthe heart's full harvest too.

— Exchan£

New Carnation

Wm, Eccles

Awarded 1st prize at the Carnation Societies' Convention in Detroit
tor the best 100 Blooms, Red or Scarlet.

The Silver Medal of the New Yorlt Horticultural Society for the
best undiscriminated variety, and flrst-class certificates wherever
shown. Has the color of Flamingo, a strong, rigid stem, a perfectly
formed 3y.-lneh flower, non-bursting, highly perfumed, a grand keeper;
a cross between Beacon and Victory and as tree as any scarlet to date.

We are also sole agents in America for Mr. Engelmann's (Saffron
Walden. England) British Novelties. Lady NorthcliCfe and British
Triumph. Two very promising Carnations. Come and see them grown.

Prices Rooted Cuttings Doz $3.00; 100 $15.00

ISces', !.°t of S;^ LTh'Pots, Doz *3.60; 100 $20.00

Don't ft.rget that we have a fine lot of home-grown grape vines in
all the leading varieties. 1. 2. and 8-year-old canes. These are more
satisfactory tljan the Imported article, for halt the price.

One-Year-Old Vines f|'92 ""'^

Two-Year-old Vines »3.50 each

Layer Fruiting Canes $5.00 to $7.50 each

Trv our Ornrted Roses this year. We supply the most critical buyers
In tlie country, and can satisfy you. Our Chrysanthemum list Is com-
prehensive and contains the best there Is In Mums.

If our catalogue fails to reach you, drop us a postal.

SCOTT BROS.

Elmsford Nurseries
ELMSFORD NEW YORK

The New Roses

The new rose Alilady, of which a photograph is here
presented, and which will be disseminated this com-
ing season, is a hybrid tea, a cross between Richmond
and J. P.. Clark, and from its parent, J. B. Clark, has
taken the characteristics of strong growth, heavy
petalage and fragrance. In color it is similar to Rich-
mond in the bud, but as an open rose it is a very dis-
tinct red. r.v the intmducers it is not classed a- a

NKW ROSE "JIILADY."

crimson, the color l^eing a pleasing shade of red. The
Hower opens beautifullv, and owing to its beautiful
iorm in the wide open stage, has already made a very
decided impression on those who have seen it, both
on the exhibition table and growing. It shows char-
acter of growth, and is claimed by the introducers to
be a free blooming red rose.

"Mrs. George Shawyer."
This rose, which is reproduced on the front cover
page of this issue, is an English seedling that has
proved its worth in such emphatic manner that it is
believed it will displace Killarney, Radiance, and other
forcing roses as the premier pink. It is wonderfully
free, even surpassing Killarney in this respect, as ev-
erv "bud runs to flower. Plants set out as late as July
liaVe alreadv given lyi to 4 feet stems. It is an excel-
lent rose during the hot months of .-August and Sep-
tember when Killarney can hardly be used, owing to
its blooming open so quickly. .As an outdoor rose it
i< claimed iinsurpassed by any rose as yet distributed.

Watch for the January issue

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA

^

Photographs furnished by
Hitchings & Companv,
the builders.

The Warburg Estate at White Plains, N. Y.

At last there is visible evidence that- we
folks of the United States are awakening to the
advantages of the century-old English idea of
closely associating the greenhouse and the
residence.

We have spent freely our dollars for residence
terrace gardens, and paid fabulous prices for re-
productions of the gardens of Italy. We have
blasted out rocks, shifted big trees, and even moved
hills, that our residences might he in delightful
proximity to our gardens.

But when the greenhouse — a garden under
■glass — has come up for consideration, rare indeed
have been the instances where thev were not

located such a distance from the residence, or so
unattractivel)^ surrounded that the owners fail to
have a personal interest in them.

If they had flowers and vegetables from them
when they wanted them, they were satisfied.
The houses were seldom visited — and then all too
often onl}' to make a complaint that "the melons
were poor in flavor," or that "the madam was not
getting enough roses."

But happily all this is changing now. Chang-
ing because we American people are fast becom-
ing a flower loving nation in the fullest sense of
the word. We want our greenhouse garden
handy by, where we can visit it daily. We are

awakening to the deligh
We want a share in the
selves into thinking vye

This increased intert
and gardener in closer
the great advantage of

This range just comp
M. Warburgjs onjg of bi
groups of houses recer
the English idea of loca

F. C. Luckenbacher,
Mr. Warburg, formerly
scape work on the M. F
Conn.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

277

)f seeing thinti's L;rn\v.
;asure of joUyin;^ <iur-
ped some.

brings superinlendcnt
ch with emplovers. tn
h.

ed on the estate of P.

lalf a dozen or so large

erected which follow

le superintendent for
d charge of the land-
lant Estate at Groton,

The spacious palm house with its airy framing is just another
example of the perfection greenhouse con-
struction has reached.

278

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA
MARTIN C. EBEL, Managing Editor,

Madison, N. J.

ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

THOS. W. LOGAN M. C. EBEL ROY H. CAVERLY

Pmident Secretary Treaiurer

Published by

CHRONICLE PRESS

M. E. MAYNARD, President. A. A. FAY, Sec'y.

1 MONTGOMERY STREET, JERSEY CITY, N. J.

New York Otfice

236 WILLIAM STREET. NEW YORK CITY.

SutMcription Price, 12 Month*, $1.00 :: Single Copies, 10 Cents

Foreign, $1.50

Entered as second class matter
Jersey City, N. J., under Act of

February
Congress o:

18, 1905, at
E March 3,

the
1879.

Post

Office

at

Published <s

^=9

Monthly

Vol. XVII.

DECEMBER,

1912.

No.

2.

Progress leads to success. That great progress has
been made during the preceding nine months, in the
building up of the GardeiVers' Chronicle, during
which time it has been under the able management of
my predecessor, Mr. Austin C. Sayler, must be ap-
parent to all who have been watching this publica-
tion's development. Mr. Sayler has retired from his
position to re-engage in his earlier fields of endeavor.

In accepting the managing editorship of the Gar-
deners' Chronicle, while engaged in the commercial
field, catering to the gardening profession and to the
llorist trade, I fully realize the responsibilities I have
assumed. But I possess that sanguine confidence in
myself that I will prove capable of impartially con-
ducting my varied vocations without detriment to my
own or any one else's interests. I assume this new
duty with a feeling of "good will to all and malice
towards none," beginning with many friends and no
known foes ; striving to accumulate more friends.

Deserving and just criticism cannot harm the right-
eous, and may aid the wrong; and for such these col-
umns are open. To unjust and unfair criticism they
must remain closed.

The Chronicle's mission is to advance horticulture
and floriculture, and to better the profession of gar-
dening. It will be my aim to make the influence of
its columns felt in the productiveness of results of
what this organ represents.

The progress Mr. Sayler lias made I shall endeavor
to keep pace with, and if the co-operation of those in
the gardening profession who have the ability to con-
tribute towards making these columns both interesting
and educational will be forthcoming — and it should
be, T predict it will not be very long before the official
organ of the National Association of Gardeners will
rank as the leader among technical horticultural pub-
lications—as it should do. M. C. Ebel.

DR. ■W. S. 'WHITMORE.

With profound sorrow we announce the demise of Dr.
W. S. Whitmore, of Red Bank, N. J. The announcement
comes somewhat belated, as his death occurred in the
early part of October last, but the sad news has only just
been received by us.

Those who knew Dr. Whitmore. and he numbered many
gardeners among his friends, will subscribe that few
men can be found outside of the gardening profession as
deeply interested in floriculture and everything that per-
tains to it as he was. It can be said of Dr. Whitmore
that he was a passionate lover of flowers. Of the gar-
dener he recently wrote : "I consider the profession of
gardener the noblest that tames the intellect of man."
His last contribution. "Flowers and the Gardener," pub-
lished in the June issue of the Chronicle, beautifully
portrays the relation of the flowers to mankind, and must
arouse in the mind of the reader that accumulation of
wealth is not the great goal of achievement in this world.
It expresses the sentiment of a man who appreciates that
the beautiful alone is flivine. and that with the beautiful
removed the world would be barren. Dr. ^^'hitmore little
realized his close approach to the spiritual, from the ma-
terial world, when he wrote in June last :

"I should wish when the icy hand of death is laid upon
mv brow that I might be surrounded with a wilderness of
flowers whose perfume would be an incense ascending
from memory's altar to waft my spirit to the land beyond
the stars. I would wish that the angels should be gar-
deners that I might feel assured that the floral kingdom
would be forever perpetuated."

We learn that his remains were laid at rest in a
veritable bed of flowers. But he still lives, and will long
continue to live, in the memory of his friends among the
gardeners.

All articles sent to the editor's office will receive
careful consideration, and due credit will be given to
the contributor. If you have not the time or ability
to edit your own paper, send it in the rough, and we
will edit it for you. We realize that all gardeners are
not journalists, but man}- possess sound theories and
practical experiences which can benefit others. Sub-
mit vour views and we will write the storv.

Become a "booster." If you belong to the garden-
ing profession, but are not yet a member of the "N.
A. G.," join now. You will then begin 1913 right.
Then let your resolution for the new year be to do
your mite to help elevate that profession, which, a de-
parted friend declared, is "the noblest that tames the
intellect of mankind."

To the discriminating advertiser who looks for re-
sults from his expenditure, we recommend the adver-
tising columns of this publication. \\'e can ofl:'er him
a distinct class circulation, one which he cannot ob-
tain elsewhere. The Gardeners' Chronicle circulates
among the people who buy for large private estates,
owners, superintendents, and gardeners. People who
seek the best in everything that pertains to horticul-
ture and floriculture, and everything that is required
to supply a wealthy man's estate.

The Chronicle extends to its many readers the
compliments of the coming festive season. May yours
be a joyous Christmas and Happy New Year.

Subscribers to the Chronicle and others who do
not receive it after this issue, are advised that it will
be due to the fact that they have not remitted their
subscriptions due. As soon as subscriptions are re-
ceived their names will be restored to the mailing list.
Those in arrears will please observe this notice.

ASSOCIATION NOTES

M. C. EBEL, Secretary, MADISON, N. J.

Uefore the next isbuc ul the Chkuxicle appears,
members will receive their bill for annual dues for
1913. They will confer a favor on the secretary's of-
fice by remitting their dues early, so that they may
obtain their membership cards, which will be of
especial benefit to them next year.

Membership cards of the National Association of
Gardeners will be recognized by the Society of Amer-
ican Florists, and will entitle the owners to admission
to the International Flower Show.

Everybody who attended the annual c(in\-ention and
banquet of the National Association of Gardeners of
1912, was more than pleased, if reports that come to
hand are to be believed, and the indications at this
early date already are that the 1913 convention will
be a great event in every way. Plans are already
afoot to make it an occasion to demonstrate that the
gardener is alive to his interests as much as are the
men of other professions.

The recommendation is a good one, that the Na-
tional Association of Gardeners do something at the
International Flower Show next year, to show its ap-
preciation to the members of the "S. A. F." for what
is being done for the private gardener, both in the
restricted class and also in all the open classes. A
bowling tournament is suggested, to which the N. A.
G. invite the members of the "S. .\. If." to meet with it

Diamonci Jvtbil&& Edition

DREER'S

GARDEN BOOK

1913

This is our seventy-fifth anniversary gift to
those who grow flowers and vegetables. It
contains the accumulation of seventy-five
years of experience, and lists only tested varie-
ties of all the old-time favorites, as well as
the dependable varieties in flowers and vege-
tables. It also contains cultural articles writ-
ten by experts, has 288 pages with photo-
reproductions on each page, four color and
six duotone plates. DREER'S DL\MOND
JUBILEE GARDEN BOOK is not just a
catalogue — it is a book of information valu-
able both to the professional as well as
amateur gardener.

Sent free to anyone mentioniM^ this pul)!ica-
tion.

HENRY A. DREER

714 Chestnut Street Philadelphia

in friendly ri\alry. The matter will be referred to
the next meeting of the executive board for action.

In response to the suggestion made by your secre-
tary in his annual report relative to the establishment
of a bureau where the gardener may seek an oppor-
tunity for advancement and betterment, a number of
communications have already been received which de-
serve attention. This office will be glad to hear from
members who may learn of a chance or a vacancy to
which deserving applicants may be referred. It should,
and will be the duty of this office to carefully inves-
tigate references of all applications that rnay come to
it, and then only, refer such applicants and references
to whom may desire their services. This office can
recommend no one. Nor will it serve as an agency
for "the fellow who" cannot hold down a job."

The following have been enrolled as members since
the last issue of the Chronicle; Valentine Clares,
Glen Gove, N. Y. ; William Bartholomae, New York,
N. Y. ; Frank MacNicoll, Cuba, N. Y. ; Montague Free,
Ithaca, N. Y. ; Lester E. Ortiz, Glen Cove, N. Y. ;
Ernest Westlake, Glen Cove, N. Y. ; R. S. Renison,
Yonkers, N. Y. ; John Wallace, Deal, N. J.; William
Tamison, Tarrytown, N. Y. ; Allen Morrison, West-
bury, N. Y. ; S. J. Trepass, Glen Cove, N. Y. ; William
Saville, Bergenfield. N. J.; Alfred Cebelius, Hartford,
Conn.

AMONG THE GARDENERS

Mr. Henry Cliffe, superintendent of the Guthrie
estate. Locust Valley, N. Y., has been appointed super-
intendent of the city parks of Bridgeport. Conn. Mr.
ClifTe enters into his new position January 1, and takes
'vith him the well wishes of his host of friends.

The vegetable contests at many of the flower shows
next year should prove interesting, if not exciting.
With the fine exhibits staged by such men as Messrs.
Heeresmans, Tyson, AlacDonald, Jenkins, Patterson,
and Gaut, at this year's shows, other gardeners have
become ambitious to enter this class, and vegetable
groups will be prominent features at some of the 1913
fall exhibits. An opportunity presents itself for some
society to oflfer a liberal enough premium to induce
these "men to come together in competition.

Gardeners who successfully competed at the Asbury
Park Summer show, will be glad to learn that the
Elberon Society has at last been successful in making
that city's council realize the justice of its assuming
the obligation to pay the premium list, which w'as of-
fered and guaranteed by the city's publicity promotor.
The winners may exjiect their prize money before the
end of the month.

Mr. W. Saville, who has just joined the ranks of the
National .Association of Gardeners, is one of three as-
sociate members of the Royal Horticultural Society
of England, now located in this country. He is a

280

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

graduate of the University of Leeds, and holds a cer-
tificate of teacher of horticulture. He came to this
country in the spring of 1910, and started in the com-
mercial field, in which he has since been engaged.

At Duke's Farm, Somerville, N. J., the new range
of green houses is about completed, and Mr. A. A.
MacDonald, who superintends over this establish-
ment, expects to have it in fruit cultivation before
the end of the year. The fruit range on this place is
probably not equalled on any other private estate in
this country.

Mr. P. J. Fay is on the road representing Messrs.
Peter Henderson & Co. He has many friends among
the private gardeners in the territorj^ about New York,
on which he is calling.

Chas. H. Totty and the Aphine Manufacturing Com-
pany, both of Madison, N. J., are being represented
on the road by Mr. William J. Rickards, making a tour
of the New England states, visiting private places and
proclaiming the merits of what he represents.

QUERIES and ANSWERS

IVe believe the greatest good can be accomplished for the greatest
number, by instituting a query column; or an exchange of expe-
riences, on practical propositions, by our readers.

You are imnted to contribute questions, and answer others.

Each question as received vAll be given a number, the question-
er's name will not be published, but the source of the answer will
be given unless otherwise requested.

We all have something we would like to know more about. Here
is your opportunity to ascertain somebody's experience in just thai
matter.

Nothing will tend to better fellowship than helping each other.

Take advantage of this "Question Box."

In an article issued last month on the white fiy and
its control. Professor Taubenhaus made the statement
that in mixing sulphuric acid the former is poured in
the vessel first and then the water. One of our read-
ers has questioned this method, to which the author of the
article replies : No accident can ever result if water
is poured into the acid very slowly. However, when
done quickly, as might occur when in a hurry, an ac-
cident might result. So it is recommended as safer to
pour the. water in the vessel first, and then the acid.

I should like to get some advice as to what crop will
make the best sod for growing roses. Can you get
any information for me? T. M. C, Mass.

The following question came in our query box, and
caused quite a lot of discussion. Which part of the
tree is the youngest, the center, or the part nearest
the bark? Maybe, it will help us to hear from some
of your readers. A. A. F., Pa.

Would anybody tell his experience with shredded cow
manure? Fresh cow manure is hard to get nowadays.
Are the results with shredded cow manure equal ? — N. Y.

The worst thing you can do is to talk about high
prices for flowers. They never were so cheap in the
world's history. One of the glorious privileges about
living in 1912 is that we can afford things that only
a king could have a hundred years ago. By all means
boost the idea among the jx-ople that they can have
"beauty and fragrance for little money." The man
who does that with acumen and good judgment de-
serves plaudits from all of us and has a right to go
around with rings on his fingers and bells on his toes.
— George C. Watson in Horticulture.

EARLY SEEDS

Are ready now

Try our Tomato, Coronation

Carrot, French Scarlet Short Horn
Celery, French Golden Self

Blanching
Lettuce, Heart of New York
Onion, Ailsa Craig

SPIREAS for FORCING

Queen Alexandra and Gladstone

Extra large clumps

also
A few thousand bulbs ot various kinds
including

Tuberous Begonias and Gloxinias

Our Annual Catalogue will be
mailed you on January 1st. If
it does not reach you promptly
please notify us.

BEST WISHES FOR
THE NEW YEAR

Kennedy 6 Hunter INC

ANDREW R. KENNEDY, Pres. and Treaa.

156 West 34th Street New York

A Novel Group

The group of flowering and foliage plants exhibited
by James Stuart, gardener to Mrs. F. A. Constable,
Mamaroneck, N. Y., at The Westchester and Fair-
field Horticultural Society's exhibition at New Ro-
chelle, drew forth a good deal of favorable comment
from horticulturists as well as the general public.
The material that was used, the color harmony and
the tasteful arrangement were all worthy of special
notice. Single chrysanthemums were used exclu-
sively for flowering plants. The varieties were : E.
Nottell, Coleridge, Robert Milner, Golden Star. Cin-
namon, Mrs. Hartley-Bills, Sunrise, Felix, Hilda,

Mary Richardson, Merstham Jewel, Peter Pan, Miss
Hilda Wells, Red Light and J. B. Lowe; shades of
primrose and golden yellow, different shades of
bronze, Tuscan red and crimson. These colors seemed
ideal for a fall exhibition, and in the spacious hall made
a tine display.

The arrangement was in circular form, consisting of
a center column and six smaller columns round the
edge. The panels were filled with ferns and above
them were placed, at intervals three specimen plants
of Dracaena, Victoria and Crotons, which harmonized
well with the flowers.

GROfP KXIIir.ITF.n .\T NEW ROCIIELLE SHOW, BY T.XMES STU.\RT.

Fruit Under Glass .

By James Marlborough.

It is not my intention to go into details such as insect
diseases, etc., for most of you have your own methods of
dealing with them. I wish only to give, in a general way,
the methods we practice and not take up your valuable
time with details that many of you know better than I.

Perhaps the earliest and most appreciated fruits are
strawberries. Pot culture affords the best method of pro-
ducing them out of season. Where first-class fruits are
wanted, a planting should be made in the field, not with
the object of getting fruit from the plants, but of getting
plants for early forcing. The flowers are removed from
the plants and they are freely cultivated. Runners ob-
tained from plants thus treated will be earlier and will
make better pot plants than those taken from plants which
bear a crop of fruit first, and then a crop of runners.

The runners are layered in 23%-inch pots, and when
well rooted are removed to a frame and shaded lightly for
a few days, until they recover from the shock of being
detached from the parent plant. When ready thev are
potted into 4-inch pots. Again when ready they are given
their final shift into 6-inch pots.

We always use a good rose soil, and a good sprinkling
of bone meal at the last shift. Many growers do not think
it necessary to pot into 4's, but shift directly from 2i^'s
into 6's. I think to get the best results that they should
have the immediate potting. The tendency of the roots
is to pass through the soil until they reach the pot, and
there form a thick mat between the soil and pot. The
intermediate potting will eliminate this to a certain ex-
tent and form a better and more general root system with
greater ability to take up food when developing fruits.

Once potted in their final pots, they should be ]ilaced
on a bed of coal ashes, and in charge of a man who will
do all he can to develop the plants until the natural rest-
ing season sets in, about October 1. Water should be
partly withheld, and in rainy weather the pots should be
laid on their sides. As the season advances they are
placed in a frame where they can be covered at night to
protect them from severe frosts. Finally they are stacked
up on their sides in a frost-proof pit to await forcing.

To have strawberries continuously from March 15. it
is necessary to bring in the first batch December 15; the
next, January 10; and at intewals of two weeks until
March 15. This will reach the outdoor crop.

I believe a melon house or a structure on that principle,
makes a good house for forcing strawberries. The much
advocated method of placing them on shelves up close to
the glass, has no advantage. It not only places them in
the coldest part of the house, but it also places them out of
the direct observation of the grower. Writers of twenty
years ago advocated the growing of many plants three
or four feet away from the glass. Those same plants
today are grown twenty or thirty feet from it, with better
results. The same may be said of strawberries, to a
certain extent. There is no need of using old-fashioned
methods in modern structures.

The first batch of plants is placed in the house on the
date above stated. The temperature is kept at 45 to 50
degrees for the first two weeks, or until root action sets in.
Then the surface is scraped off and a good, rich top-
dressing added, and the temperature is raised to 50 to 55
degrees and continued at that point until the flower buds
a])i)ear on the crown. Then the temperature is increased
10 degrees for a week, or until the first flower opens.
This is to draw out the flower stems and is necessary only
for early forcing, say the first or second batch. When
the flowers liegin to appear tlic temperature is lowered to

55 degrees, and the atmosphere is kept dry and airy until
the fruits are set.

We go over each individual flower once or twice daily
with a camel's hair brush to do all we can to aid fertiliza-
tion. When a plant has set enough fruits for a crop, it is
at once taken from among the flowering ones, and placed
at the end of the bench, where it can be treated for de-
velopment. They are then thinned to ten or twelve fruits,
according to the strength of the plant. To insure the
best development, it is necessary to keep the fruit over the
foliage, so that it gets all the benefit of the light and air.
For tliis purpose we use what may be termed a miniature
carnation support with the circle 2 or 3 inches, and placed
so that it stands 3 or 4 inches above the pot. The fruits
are brought up into the circle and allowed to hang over
on the foliage. This done, the temperature is again
raised 10 degrees, and no time should be lost in supply-
ing liquid manure. In this way we get as good, if not
better, strawberries in March under glass, than we get in
June out-of-doors.

After trying several varieties, "Marshall' is the only
one we now use for pot culture.

It is not necessary to say how much appreciated these
fruits are, especially when produced out of season.

The method most generally practiced is to' set the
plants about l^A feet apart, and allow each plant to bear
three fruits. This method has one objection, more
so in some localities than in others. It is subject
to canker. This is a disease that gives very little
warning, and appears just as the fruits are about
to ripen. It causes the whole plant to collapse,
leaving a gap that spoils the appearance of the house, and
cuts deeply into the pride of the grower or the man in
charge. Perhaps it was in trying to avoid this humiliation
that I started the method which we now practice. Instead
of setting the plants 2',j feet apart and growing three
fruits on a plant, we set the plants 12 inches apart, and
grow only one fruit on a plant. With the increased num-
ber of plants we do not lose many fruits, and what we do
lose is more than made up in the weight and quality of the
others. The fruits are larger and of a more equal size.
The foliage is stronger and the plants being set closer to-
gether in the bench, the roots take better care of the soil.
In all, we get healthier conditions and seldom or never
lose a plant by canker.

Nothing is more appreciated at Christmas time than
a good house of melons, and it is not a difficult time to
liave them. With the idea of a crop for Christmas in
view, we sow our seed about August 10. The only trouble
with growing melons in this season of the year is that
diseases are harder to control, but with this in mind you
will use your cure as a preventive, and you will experi-
ence no trouble in maturing your crop.

For a sj)ring crop we sow seed January 1. This crop
will be ready the end of May. We find that there is very
little gained b}- an earlier start. There is one critical
period in the development of the fruits, and that is when
they are netting. They are liable to crack. To avoid this,
keep a drier atmosphere. Avoid wetting the fruits. If
you have to syringe, keep a little more air on, and do not
dampen the floor \\ hen you shut up the house in the after-
noon. Follow up this treatment for a week, and the crop
is safe.

We sow our seed in flats among pieces of chopped sod.
When large enough t(j handle, they are potted into 2j/4-

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

283

The Mrs. Geo. Shawyer Rose

has won 1 7 certificates, a silver medal, a sweepstake cup and other awards in
the past two weeks. No other rose was ever so extensively shown in such a
short period. Now come and see it growing and you will agree with me that it
is a winner. It opens just as freely in winter as it does in summer, growing all
the time, and every shoot a flo'wer.

New Carnations

Commodore, Wm. Eccles, Northport, Salmon Beauty and Enchantress Supreme
— all good and all in our 1913 catalog, which will be mailed you in December.

New Mums?

Why, certainly! And you will need them, too, for the shows, to keep on top.
Why not write me ?

CHAS. H. TOTTY

MADISON, N. J.

MARSHALL S GIANT LLEK,

NOVELTIES FOR 1913

CARROT, MARSHALL'S EXHIBITION— A superb variety.
SWEET CORN, EARLIEST NORDHEIM— The earliest variety.
Large and Sweet.

LEEK, MARSHALL'S GIANT— A grand exhibition variety.

ONION, INVINCIBLE GIANT— The largest grown.

PARSLEY, MARSHALL'S DWARF PERFECTION — Finely

curled.
TOMATO, THE MARSHALL — The greatest cropper in existence.

Very early. Will produce 40 to 50 lbs. of fruit on one plant. An

excellent forcer.
Also something new in

Flower Seeds and Plants

Write for our new illustrated catalogue, larger than ever.
We also issue a Nursery Catalogue. Write for same.

W. E. MARSHALL ^ CO.

Seeds, Bulbs and Plants

lOe MTEST 23rd STREET

NEAV YORK

284

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

inch pots and repotted into 4-incli pots, in whicli they re-
main until ready for planting in the bench. The bench
is about one-third filled with a good rose soil, mounded
against the inner side. The plants are set out one foot
apart and allowed to grow to the top of the trellis before
stopping. As we have only one fruit to set on each plant,
it can be placed high or low on the trellis as we desire.
This is the time to consider the general appearance of the
house. We should exercise great care in removing later-
als. They should never be cut close to the main stem.
Light top dressing is applied from time to time until the
bench is about one-half full. This, with liquid manure,
when the fruits are swelling, will be all that is needed.

The plants should not be subjected to cool treatment.
The minimum temperature should be 60 degrees.

Every grower has his favorite variety. We like Royal
Sovereign for the white-flesh and Blenheim Orange for
scarlet.

PE.\CHES .^XD NECTARINES

Are seldom seen in perfection in our northern climate ex-
cept when grown under glass. We use a house running
east and west, trellised crosswise about six feet apart.
This form of trellising has many advantages over the old
method of fixing the trellis at a uniform distance of two
feet below the glass and planting at the sides of the house.
In the first place, it gives us much more trellis space,
afi^ords free access to both sides of the trees and more sun
and light. In all it gives us more natural conditions.

The next thing to consider is the border. We use a
rather heavy soil from an upland pasture. To this we add-
one-tenth lime rubble, or old plaster. To each cubic yard
we add about fifty pounds of one-half-inch bone, and a
good sprinkling of wood ashes. We use an inside border
with a cemented bottom three feet below the surface, with
a suitable outlet for drainage. Over this is placed about
eight inches of rock. On this we place a fresh sod, grass
side down. This leaves somewhat over two feet for soil,
which is filled in with that prepared for the purpose.

Manures iti any form should not be added at planting
time, for it induces too strong a growth. Stimulants are
better added later on, when you know that the trees are in
want of them.

It is generally known that the best form of trellis for
trees is the fan. The grower having this in mind, forms
an idea of how the main ribs or branches should go and is
governed by the shape and size of the trellis and the loca-
tion of the tree. The main ribs of the fan should be about
18 inches apart. Between these are laid the young shoots
that are intended to bear fruit. When the shoot that is to
bear fruit is disbudded in the spring, a bud should be left
at the base and also at the tip. The latter will draw up
the sap to develop the fruit. This is pinched after the
third leaf. Now the bud that was left at the base has bro-
ken into growth, and is forming a new extension for the
next season's fruit. This is stopped when it reaches about
eight inches, and is kept stopped until the end of the
season. After fruiting the old shoot is cut out, and the
young one takes its place for the next season.

By this method there is very little winter pruning. We
get as good fruiting wood at the base of the tree as we do
at the top. I think it has many advantages over the long
or unstopped system more generally used. In disbudding
a fruiting shoot when growth starts, do it by degrees. It
would cause too great a check to remove them all at once.
TJie same may be said of thinning the fruits.

The space allotted to each fruit on a trellis tree, de-
pends largely on the variety. For instance, some of the
later peaches, such as "Sea Eagle,'' "Thomas Rivers," and
"Walburton Admirable," with good treatment can be de-
veloped so that each fruit would weigh nine ounces, or

sometimes over. In this case, they should be thinned to
twelve inches apart, while the earlier varieties, such as
"Duchess of Cornwall," "Hale's Early," and "Early Bea-
trice," cannot be developed to this size, and will not over-
tax your tree if left nine to ten inches.

Nectarines, as a rule, are not as large as peaches, and
should be thinned to eight or nine inches.

THE VINE.

There is probably no fruit grown under glass that re-
sponds as quickly to kind treatment as the vine. It also
shows neglect sooner than other fruits.

In erecting a new vinery I should prefer an even span
house, running north and south. This would give the
maximum amount of light morning and evening. With
its ridge and rafters it would give a little shade at midday.
These would be the proper conditions, except for very
early forcing, when a lean-to south exposure would be
preferred. We use the all-inside border on a cement bot-
tom. This bottom is SYz feet below the surface. On this
is placed six or eight inches of rock for drainage. To
provide soil, sod should be cut from an old pasture and
piled up for a few months before it is used. To each
cubic yard of soil, add 100 pounds of one-half-inch bone,
two bushels of old plaster, one bushel charcoal, and one-
half bushel of fresh lime. In filling the border we do not
fill it all at once. We fill in four or five feet on each side
where the vines are to be planted and the rest is added as
required. If we should fill this border all at once with
this rich compost, the center would be liable to get sour
before the roots would be able to take care of it.

Most people want results as soon as possible. Some-
times the young vines are cropped too soon, which has a
very bad efi^ect for years to come. To avoid this we plant
two sets of vines, one for temporary fruiting, the other
for permanent vines. If we wish to plant dormant canes
the planting should be done in the autumn. We first se-
cure enough planting canes to plant the house 3j/ to 4
feet apart. If pot grown, they are shaken out and planted
in their permanent position. Then we get the same num-
ber of fruiting canes grown in twelve-inch pots. The
pots are removed, but we do not disturb the roots but very
little. They are then planted between the permanent
vines.

PRUNING.

The permanent vines are cut back to a good bud at the
surface of the border, while the temporary vine is only
shortened to the desired length for bearing fruit. In this
way we ,get fruit the first season without any danger of a
permanent injury to the \'inery.

These temporary vines are allowed to remain two or
more years as required. When not wanted they are cut
out below the surface of the border. The roots are al-
lowed to remain . The temporary vines need not neces-
sarily be in the way of the permanent ones, even in the
second year or later. It can be fruited on the upper part
of the trellis. In this case the buds are rubbed off from
the lower part of the vine to the height of those left on the
permanent one. This will give fruit on the lower part of
the trellis from one and on the top part of the trellis from
the other.

Now we will assume that about three years have passed.
The border is all filled and the vine occupies its full posi-
tion. The next most essential point is to maintain the
vigor produced by the new border. To do this we must
furnish an annual top dressing of a good, rich compost.
This is best done during the dormant season. After the
house is cleaned out. all the loose material is removed
from the surface of the border. It is then loosened uj)
with a fork and the top dressing added. Bone meal, lime.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

285

and wood ashes should be used freely, mixed with the de-
sired amount of chopped sod. Other stimulants should be
given during the growing season.

In considering the subject of watering it must be un-
derstood that you are dealing with an artificially con-
structed border which is well-drained and water passes
through very freely. The vine border should never be
allowed to become dry. After the vines break into leaf
you should not water again with cold water until the crop
is ripe. The water used should be about the temperature
of the house. The atmosphere also should be kept moist.
This is done by syringing and dampening. It is also aided
by evaporating pans placed on the heating pipes. As soon
as you allow the atmosphere to become dry, red spider
will follow, and it is much easier to prevent this pest than
to get rid of it. Aside from this, the heavy foliage of the
vine needs the moisture.

"Black Hamburg" and "Foster's Seedling" are the two
best for early forcing. "Muscat of Alexandria" is a great
favorite and does best when grown for midseason. Good
companions for this are "Canon Hall Muscat" and "Mad-
resfield Court Muscat." The two former varieties are shy
setters, while the latter is a good setter and greatly assists
in the fertilization of the others. This trio makes an ideal
Muscat house, and is by far the best grape in cultivation
when grown for a midseason crop.

For late vines "Gros Colman," "Black Alicante," "Mil-
ton Constable" and "Lady Downe's" for black, and "Lady
Hutt" and "Mrs. Pearson" for white. "Lady Downe's"
is far the best keeper and can be kept nicely until the end
of March.

A vine can be fruited in a twelve-inch pot very satis-
factorily, provided it is grown for that purpose, but the
same vine would not be satisfactory the next season and
should be replaced with a new vine.

FRUIT TREES IN POTS.

This method of growing fruit has many advantages,
not only that first-class fruits can be grown this way, but
it is also ornamental. There are few plants more decora-
tive than well-fruited cherry trees when placed in the
dining room or hall for a dinner party, aside from the
pleasure that is given the guests of feasting on the fruits.
Other fruits are no less valuable for this purpose. One
of the most essential points in the culture of fruit trees in
pots is annual repotting. This should be done about the
end of October. A good soil for this purpose is that pre-
pared for the rose bench, with the addition of some old
mortar. This should be prepared a few weeks before using.
It is not necessary that you should use a larger size pot
when repotting. This all' depends on the vigor of the tree
and the desire to have large or small trees. When you
remove the trees from their pots, you will find a mat of
fine roots on the outside of the ball. This, with a portion
of the soil, should be removed. A good tool for this pur-
pose is a claw weeder.

If you were going to pot it into the same size ])ot it
would be necessary to remove more of the ball than if you
were going to give it a size larger pot. In either case, it
should have about one-half new soil each year to insure
its health and productiveness.

It is very necessary that crocks and the pots used for
drainage shotild be clean. Leave room for water and a
light surface dressing during the growing season.

The cherry should be repotted earlier than other fruit
trees, as it matures its fruit earlier. It should be well
rooted into its new soil in the autumn, and to that end it
is repotted about the last of .September. This also a])plies
to peaches and nectarines that are intended for early
forcing. As the trees are potted they should be placed
under glass and syringed once or twice daily mitil the

leaves fall. Early in December the pots are plunged to the
rim in coal ashes. The upper part of the pots is covered
with meadow hay or some material to protect them from
frost. They are allowed to remain in this position until
starting time, when lifted and placed on the surface.

It may be well at this point to say something about the
orchard house. We use an even span house, running east
and west, about twenty-five feet wide, with a walk through
the center. The border on each side is filled in with
twelve inches of coal ashes and is even with the surface
I if the walk. On this the pots are placed, either on the sur-
face or i)lunged, as we consider best for the dififerent
stages of their growth. They are left on the surface dur-
ing the spring, but wdien the hot weather sets in, they are
plunged to the rim. This gives the roots a more even tem-
[3erature and your trees are not so apt to get dry.

THINNING.

The number of fruits to leave on a potted tree, depends
wholly on the kind of tree and its variety. For instance,
a cherry will seldom bear more fruits than it is able to
mature and needs little or no thinning. Peaches and
nectarines w-ill bear many times more fruit than they are
capable of maturing. A good safe crop for a twelve-inch
pot of the mediu n size variety of peach or nectarine
would be about fifteen fruits, although with kind treat-
ment they could b; made to mature one-third more with-
out any injury to t le tree, or to the next year's crop. But
this is not so with ;he apple and pear. If you wish to pro-
duce an extra hea'y crop, you can easily do so and bring
\our fruits to a gr;at perfection, but you render your tree
fruitless for the next season. In this case the light crop-
ning is the best pn ctice.

The plum is a /aluable fruit for pot culture. It also
should be thinned according to the size of the variety,
leaving about fortv fruits of a medium size variety for a
tree in a twelve-ir ch pot.

Apricots are not as satisfactory as other stone fruits for
pot culture, and \,diere wanted they would be better on
trellises at the coo end of the peach house.

Figs are very s; tisfactory when grown in pots and are
more easily managed and more productive than those
grow-n in a border!.

After fruiting the trees are removed to the open border,
where they are plunged, and allowed to remain until pot-
tmg season. This gives more room in the orchard house
as the season advances.

THE FERTILIZATION OF THE FLOWERS.

As the trees come into flower it is necessary to use
some artificial means to fertilize the flowers. The method
most generally used is the camel'.s-hair brush. The flowers
are brushed over daily, carrying the pollen from one
variety to another. This works very well wdiere only a
limited number of trees are grown, but where several
houses are grown, it is more subject to neglect.

We keep one or two hives of bees for this purpose and
find them satisfactory. When a house is coming into
flower we move in a hive of bees. They are allowed to
remain until the fruits are set. Then they can be moved
to another house if so desired. The bees should not be
moved in until there is work for them to do. If moved
in before they are liable to be lost in their efforts to escape,
but if moved in at night when the flowers are opening
thev will go right to work next day and fertilization is
assured. We use bees for fertilizing in the vineries with
equally good results.

I believe when bees are more generally used for this
work, you will hear less about this or that variety being
a shv setter. Read before Boston Gardeners' and Florists'
Club.

286

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

National Association of Gardeners.

M. C. Ebel, secretary, Madison, N. J.

Society of American Florists and Orna-
mental Horticulturists.
John Young, secretary, 54 West 38th street,
New York.

American Carnation Society.
A. F. J. Bauer, secretary, Indianapolis, Iiid.

American Gladiolus Society.
L. Merton Gage, secretary, Groton, Mass.

American Peony Society.
A. B. Saunders, secretary, Clinton, N. Y.

American Rose Society.
B. Hammond, secretary, Fislildll, N. Y.

American Sweet Pea Society.

H. A. Bunyard, secretary, 342 West 14tli
street. New York.

Chrysanthemum Society of America.

Charles W. Johnson, secretary, Morgan

Park, 111.

Lake Geneva Gardeners' and Foremen's

Association.
A. Martini, secretary. Lake Geneva, Wis.

Meets first and third Saturday every
month, October to April; first Saturday

ery month. May to September, Horticul-
tural Hall.

Lenox Horticultural Society.

George Instone, secretary, Lenox, Mass.
Mtets first Satiu'day every month.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
William P. Rich, secretary, 300 Massachu-
setts avenue, Boston, Mass.

Monmouth County Horticultural Society.

Harry Kettle, secretary, Fairhaven, N. J.

Morris County Florists' and Gardeners'

Society.
Edward J. Reagan, secretary, Morristowii,
N. J.
Meets at Madison, N. J., second Wednes-
day every month, except July and August,
8 p. m.

LOCAL SOCIETIES

Boston Gardeners' and Florists' Club.

William N. Craig, secretary. North Easto])^
Mass.
Meets third Tuesday every month, Horti
cultural Hall, Boston, Mass., 8 p. m.

Conecticut Horticultural Society.
Geo. W. Smith, secretary, Melrose, Conn.
Meets second and fourth Fridays every
month. County Building, Hartford, Conn., 8
p. m.

Dutchess County Horticultural Society.

Hubert G. Cottam, secretary, Wappingers

Falls, N. Y.

Meets at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., last
Wednesday every month except May and
June.

Elberon Horticultural Society.
Benj. Wyckoff, secretary, 1104 4th avenue,
Asbury Park, N. J.
Meets first Monday every month. Fire
Hall, Elberon, N. J., 8 p. m.

The Garden Club of Michigan.

Mrs. Edward H. Parker, secretary, 139 Sey-
burn avenue, Detroit, Mich.
The corresponding secretary will notify
members of date and place of meetings.

The Horticultural Society of New York.

Geo. V. Nash, secretary, I'.ronx Park, New

York City.

Meets monthly, irregular. May to Octo-
ber, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx
Park, New York. November to April,
American Museum of Natural History, 77th
street and Columbus avenue, New York.

Nassau County Horticultural Society.
Ernest Westlake, secretary. Glen Cove, N. Y.

Meets second Wednesday every month,
Pembroke Hall, Glen Cove, N. Y., 8 p. m.

New Jersey Floricultural Society.
William Reid, secretary, 303 Centre street,
Orange, N. J.
Meets second Friday every month, 240
.Main street. Orange, N. J., 8 p. m.

Newport Horticultural Society.
D. J. Coughlin, secretary, Newport, R. 1.
Meets second and fourth Tuesday every
month.

North Westchester County Horticultural

and Agricultural Society.
.M. J. O'Brien, secretary, Mt. Kisco, N. Y.

Oyster Bay Horticultural Society.
John T. Ingram, secretary. Oyster Bay,
N. Y.
Meets third Friday every month. Board
of Trade, Oyster Bay, N. Y., 8 p. m.

Paterson Floricultural Society.

Sebastian Hubschmitt, secretary, 61 Seventli
avenue, Paterson, N. J.
Meets first Tuesday every month, Ro-
maine Building, 8 p. m.

The Pittsburgh Florists' and Gardeners*
Club.

H. P. Joslin, secretary, Ben Avon, Pa.

ileets first Thursday every month. Fort
Pitt Hotel, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Southampton Horticultural Society.
William McLeod, secretary.
Meets first Thursday every month, Me-
morial Hall, Southampton, N. Y'.

Tarrytown Horticultural Society.

E. W. Neubrand, secretary, Tarytown, N. Y.
Meets last Tuesday every month, except
December, Corporation Building, Tarrytown,
N. Y., 7:30 p. m. Annual meeting last
Thursday in December.

Tuxedo Horticultural Society.

David Miller, secretary. Tuxedo Park, N. Y.
Meets first Wednesday every month. Par-
ish House, Tuxedo Park.

Westchester and Fairfield Horticultural

Society.
J. B. McArdle, secretary, Greenwich, Conn.
Mets second Friday every month, Doran's
Hall, Greenwich, Conn., 8 p. m.

Yonkers Horticultural Society.

8. Mahoney, secretary, Y'onkers, N. Y.
Meets first Friday every month, Holly-
wood Inn, Yonkers, N. Y., 8 p. m.

GARDENERS DIARY

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.
David Rust, secretary, Broad and Locust
streets, Philadelphia, Pa.
Meets third Tuesday every month. Horti-
cultural Hall, 8 p. m.

People's Park Cottage Gardeners' Associa-
tion.

John .\inscough, secretary. 4 Chestnut street.
Paterson, N. J.
Meets first and last Friday every month,
W'orking Man's Institute. Madison avenue,
Paterson, N. J.

Philadelphia Florists' Club.
David Rust, secretary. Broad and Locust
streets, Philadelphia, Pa.
Meets first Tuesday every month. Horti-
cultural Hall, Philadelphia, Pa., 8 p. m.

The International Flower Show.
New Grand Central Palace, New York,
April 5-12, 1913.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Mid- winter Exhibition. February 1, 2,
1!U3. Spring Exhibition, March 14-16, 1913.
lli.rticultural Hall, Boston, Mass.

Yonkers Horticultural Society.
Bowling, Thursday nights. Riverdale ave-
nue, Yonkers, N. Y.

Nassau County Horticultural Society.
Annual Dinner, Glen Cove, January 23,
1913.

Morris County -Horticultural Society.

Annual Dinner, Morristown, N. J., Janu-
ary.

New Jersey Floricultural Society.
Annual Dinner, Orange, N. J., January.

Monmouth County Horticultural Society.
Annual Dinner, January.

A GARDENERS' REUNION.

A reunion of gardeners among the pro-
fession in the vicinity of New York City
was held on Wednesday afternoon and eve-
ning, December 4. The event occurred at
■Thum's" Bowling Alleys on Broadway.
The program consisted of a bowling tour-
nament beginning at 2 o'clock in the after-
noon, continuing until 7 o'clock, when those
present adjourned, to the banquet hall and
sat down to a substantial spread provided
for by the committee of which "Jack"
Everett was chairman. During the dinner
Mr. Everett introduced Mr. Arthur Her-
rangton as the toastmaster of the evening,
who, as usual, proved himself quite equal
to the occasion.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

287

Among those called on, some of whom are
gaining fame as horticultural after-dinner
speakers (but who do not always confine
themselves to horticulture) were Mr.
Charles Weatherhead, who responded to the
toast, "Reunion Reminiscences"; Mr. John

F. Johnston, "Local Societies and Their In-
fluences"; Mr. Charles H. Totty, "The In-
ternational Flower Show of 1913"; Mr.
William Waite, "National Association of
Hardeners"; Mr. William Duckhani, "Across
the Waters"; Mr. Lester E. Ortiz, "The Re-
lations of the Farmer to t)ic (iaKlener";
Mr. M. C. Ebel, "Annual Reunions." Mr.
Joseph Robertson entertained the diners
with a number of his usually well- rendered
Scotch songs. At the conclusion of the din-
ner Mr. Alex. MacKenzie proposed that the
reunion about to close should be made an
annual event, offering a motion that the
details of the 1913 reunion be entiiisted to
Mr. James Stewart. This motion was
unanimously carried. The bowling trophies
contributed by the many friends of the
gardeners were awarded to the victors dur-
ing the dinner. .John Aitchinson carried
off the cup with the high score of the tour-
nament.

Among some of the prominent gardeners
present not previously mentioned were:
Messrs. Peter Duff, .John Garvan. Oscar
Addor, Samuel Trepews, John McQueen. T.
Cleres, G. Dumbrinsky, William Scott,
Ernest Westlake, J. Wilde. Robert Angus,
William Bartholomae, Allen Morrison,
W. D. Robertson, Joseph Manda, E. Mac-
Kenzie, J. B. McArdle, J. Nichol, W. J.
Sealey, Robert Williamson, Austin Shaw,

G. Barton and Mr. Renison.

NATIONAL FLOWER SHOW PRIZES.

In addition to the ]>rpmium3 already an-

noimced, the following special prizes are
offered :

A. Lewisohn, Ardsley, N. Y., offers a sil-
ver cup, value $150, for a display of roses
in pots covering 100 sq. ft. Competition
open to private estates only.

John T. Pratt, Glen Cove, N. Y., offers
$25 for a display of Gardenia plants in
pots.

Geo. T. Schuneman, Baldwin, N. Y., of-
fers $25 for award by the American Sweet
Pea Society, in a display class.

Harry Balsley, Detroit, Mich., offers $25
for award at the discretion of the com-
mittee.

Samuel Untermeyer, Yonkers, N. Y., of-
fers $50 for 50 ft. 'of Calceolarias, and $.50
for 50 ft. of Gloxinias, arranged for effect.

The Elberon Horticultural Society offers
a silver cup, value $25, to be awarded as
desired by the committee.

The Chrysanthemum Society of America
offers $10 for the best specimen plants of
Marguerite in the show.

The Southampton Horticultural Society
offers $25, or a cup of ecjual value, to
be competed for by private gardeners
only.

The Tarrytown (N. Y.) Horticultural So-
ciety offers a sterling silver cup for award
in the discretion of the committee.

The Perpetual Carnation Society of Eng-
land offers its gold, silver gilt and silver
medals, to be awarded at the direction of
the American Carnation Society.

The Paterson (N. J.) Floricultural So-
ciety offers a cup, value $20, class to be
announced later.

Geo. Burnett offers a silver cup, value
$25, class to be announced later.

C. B. Weathered offers a silver cup, value
.$25. class to be announced later.

The last two mentioned prizes are foi

competition by members of the National
Association of Gardeners only.

W. T. Carrington, Portchester, N. Y., of-
fers $100 for the best display of annuals in
pots.

The Horticultural Club of Boston offers
$100 for the best miniature landscape gar-
den, to be worked out in living trees and
shrubs, and to occupy a space of 15 x 20 ft.
I also wish to announce that I have re-
quested Mr. M. C. Ebel to withdraw his
prizes offered for miniature gardens, and
in place thereof to offer his prizes for the
two best table decorations. Mr. Ebel con-
sents and advises that his prizes will be
a copper and china coffee set, consisting of
thirty pieces, first prize, and a copper tea
service of six pieces, second prize, open to
members of the National Society of Ger-
deners only. CHAS. H. TOTTY,

Chairman International Flower Show Com-
mittee.

YONKERS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Y'onkers Horticultural Society held
its annual meeting in Hollywood Inn on
Friday, the 6th inst. Vice-president Frank
Drexler occupied the chair in place of Presi-
dent Howard Nichols, who was unavoid-
ably absent owing to sickness in his family.
He also withdrew his nomination for secre-
tary for the ensuing year for the same rea-
son, and the members accepted the with-
drawal with regret.

The officers "were elected for 1913, Mr.
Joseph Mooney being appointed secretary.
A very satisfactory report of the Fall Show
was read.

Mr. Louis Milliot exhibited Begonia La
Patrie of the Lorraine type, a very useful
plant for house work; not such a bright
pink as Lorraine, but will last much longer
in dwelling rooms.

Let us repair your frees and
do your spraying. We have the
men that will climb high.

Why risk your lives climbing

high when we will furnish
men who do it the year round
and consequently become al-
most like squirrels in a tree ?
Send for our Free Leaflet explain-
ing our methods.

JOHN. T. WITHERS, INC.

I Montgomery St., Jersey City, N. J.

BOBBINK (SL ATKINS

World's Choicest Nursery and Greenhouse Products

SPRING PLANTING

Our Products nre of a higber grado tlian ever this season, plaolns
us in a hotter position to fill orders with a class of material that wiil
?iye satisfaction to all our patrons. Our Nursery consists of 300 acres
..t higlilv cultivated land and a large area covered with Ercenhouses
liii.I vt r. linii^rs. in which we are growing Nursery and Greenhouse
[•; li'iii- r r- every place and purposes.

ROSES. W.. have several hun-
.lr..l ili.Mi.;in.l Rose Plants that

will til tiiis \r;ir. Order now

irnin I'Mi- Illiisir:itcd General
Ciilal"'-- fiir Siiiim; Il.-liver.v.

RHODODENDRONS. — Many
thousands (.f urcliMiated plants in
Hardy English and American
varieties are growing in our Nur-

TRAINED DWARF AND OR-
DINARY FRUIT TREES AND
SMALL FRUITS. \V.- t-row these
r..r nil k[w\< •■! pTiilt Cardens
L<w\ OrfhaliN

HARDY OLD - FASHIONED
PLANTS. -«•■■ LMow thousands of
nir.-. n.w nod nld fashioned kinds.
iiuhidiiJi; P....ii-^ and Iris, hi a
large varl.rv. Special prices on
ouaiitltles.

OUR NEW GIANT-FLOWER-
rNG ItARSHMALLOW. -Every-
hodv shonltl i.e Interested In this
Hardv New Old l''ashloned Flower.

flower in the garden. Blooms
from July until the latter part of
Septemher.

HEDGE PLANTS. —We grow a
large quantity of California
I'rivet, Berheris and other Hedge
I'lants. adapted to all parts of

ntry.

CONIFERS

EVERGREENS,
AND PINES. Many acres of our
.Nors.ry nr.- planlcd with hand-
sonic speelnn^ns.

BOXWOOD.— Kvervhody loves
Ihc ni-onia of old-fnshloncd Box-
wood. We grow thousands of
plants In miiov shapes and sizes.

BAY TREES, PALMS and other

Dec

ntiv

Plants

POT

torle
Decorations.

ENGLISH
GRAPEVINES.
CullivalioTi.

HARDY TRAILING
CLIMBING VINES. — W(
then) for every place a

It

vlll

is the

BXTXBS

grow and
Bulhs
nollnnrt
Europe.

nd Re

) ROOTS.-
rt nnantltles
its from Japan
other parts

of

in Wo

OUR ILLUSTRATED GENERAL CATALOG NO. 45 descrlhea
Prii.liKl.;: N ( ..iriiaeh- i'.^hi'. hif ■T.sl i'lg. instructive and helpful to iii-
icii-ling iiiirchasers Will he mailed upon rtquost.

THE PROPER WAY TO BUY Is to see the material growing. Wo
shall gladiv give our time and attention to all Intending purchasers
visiting oiir Nursery and Invito everybody Interested In Improving
Iheir grounds to visit us.

VISITORS lake Erie Railroad to Carlton Hill, second stop on Main

WE PLAn'aND 'plant GRo'uNT)S and GARDENS EVERYWHERE
WITH OUR "WORLDS CHOICEST NURSERY AND GREENHOUSE
PRODUCTS.'

BOBBINK <a ATKINS

Narserymen. Floritt. and Planter.

RCTHERFORD, K.J.

288

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

The Bowling Committee have secineil al-
leys, and have already got the balls a-roll-
ing, and they will soon be looking for chal-
lenges from the other horticultural bowling
clubs. Practice nights every Thursday at
8 o'clock in the bowling alleys on Riverdale
avenue. It was decided to hold the annual
banquet, and a committee was appointed
to make arrangements and fix a date.
AAil. MILL.S,
Corresponding Secretary.

MORRIS COUNTY GARDENERS' AND
FLORISTS' CLUB.

Tlie Morris County Gardeners' and Flor-
ists' Society held its montldy meeting on
December 11 in Masonic Hall, Madison, K.
J. There was a very large gathering of
members and their friends. The annua!
election of officers alwaj's takes place in
December, which was one reason for a full
attendance. The election resulted as fol-
lows: President, .John Dunn; vice-president,
Ernest E. Wild: treasurer, Wm. H. Duck-
ham; secretary, Edward Reagan; assistant
secretary, Robert M. Schultz. The Execu-
tive Committee was increased from twelve
to fifteen members, and is as follows: Chas.
H. Totty, Thos. Stokes, George Harvey,
Arthur Herrington, H. B. Vyse, G. F. Neipp,
Wm. Miilmicliel, John Downing, Robert
Tyson, Wm. G. Badgley, John E. Lager,
Alex. Brown, Frank Evendon, Percy D.
Witney, Henry Lawrence.

Many encouraging speeches were made by
members. 1912, as the records show, is
our banner year. Our Fall Show, in points
of quality of the exhibits, and in the num-
ber of people who attended, was our best.
We made a 15 per cent, gain in member-
ship. Treasury was never as prosperous,
and the society entirely harmonious, so
there was reason for members to pat each
other on the back. It was voted to have
the annual dinner some time in January.
The following members have full power as
a committee to fix a date and make all
other arrangements: Chas. H. Totty, Wm,
H. Duckham, Thos. Stokes, Edward Reagan,
A. Herrington. P. D. Witney, M. C. Ebel,
Ernest E. Wild and John Downing.

The great event of the evening, however,
was the illustrated lecture on the Interna-
tional Flower Show held in England last
spring. Our brother member, Harry A.
Bunyard, never showed himself to better
advantage. The views were dear and vivid,
and the lecturer, being thoroughly familiar
with the subjects, was never lost for a word
in his description. He was eloquent. A
rising vote of thanks was extended to liini
and many a rousing cheei-.

EDWAP.D REAGAX. Sccretarv.

NASSAU COUNTY HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

The annual meeting of the Nassau County
Horticultural Society was held in Pem-
broke Hall, Glen Cove, on Wednesday
afternoon at 2 o'clock. After routine busi-
ness was disposed of, the treasurer was
called upon for his annual report, which
showed a most gratifying financial condi-
tion of the society. The results of the Fall
Flower Show were also more than satis-
factory, a balance of nearly $200, the pro-
ceeds of the show, after expenses were
[laid, being voted to the Nassau County
Ilospital. The election of new officers for
1013 took place, and the following placed
in office: E. Brown, president; James Mc-
Carthy, vice-president; S. Trepews, treas-
urer; E. Westlake, secretary, and James
McDonald, corresponding secretary. The re-
tiring president, J. Johnson, was elected
trustee for three years. The following Ex-
ecutive Committee was also elected: H.
Gaut, J. McQueen, H. Jones, W. Gray, G.
Gilder, G. Bartin and V. Cleres. It was
voted to hold the annual dinner on January
23, next, a committee being appointed with
"Jack" Everett as chairman, to complete
the details. A fine exhibit of poinsettias
b.v D. Borjorkreen was awarded first prize.
An exhibit by A. MacKenzie received honor-
able mention. Fifty violets by A. MacKen-
zie first prize. Twenty-five carnations by V.
Cleres first prize. Seedling demonstration:
V. Cleres, cultural certificate; Leekes H.
Gaut, honorable mention, and collection of
vegetables, H. Gaut, cultural certificate.

SOUTHAMPTON HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

The regular meeting of the Southampton
Horticultural Society was held in the Odd-
fellows' Hall December 7, President U. G.
Agcr in the chair. The business of having
the society incorporated is going ahead
slowly.

It was decided to have a dinner for mem-
bers of the society on January 2. and a
committee of three was appointed to make
arrangements for same.

At a special meeting two weeks ago I^fr.
Gomersall, of Nyack, N. Y.. read a splendil
paper on soils and fertilizers. He was
awarded a standing vote of thanks.

WM. McLEOD.
Corresponding Secretary.

WESTCHESTER AND FAIRFIELD HOR-
TICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The second annual meeting was held at
Greenwich, Friday evening, neeember ^'^.
President Stuart in the chair, with 80 mem-
hors present.

A final report of the flower show held in
New Itochelle showed Ihnt financially the ex-

hibition was a succes.s. One new member
was elected and two propositions for mem-
bership received.

The table was well filled with choice ex-
liibits as usual. A prize offered for the best
six heads of celery was won by W. Wynne,
Stamford. Two plants of Cyperpedium In-
signe Sanderaci from the Geo. E. Baldwin
Company, Mamaroneck, was highly com-
mended. Vase of Narcissus Soleil d'Or,
vote of -thanks. Vase of mixed Roses, A.
Pederson, Stamford, highly commended.
Harry Wild had two fine plants of Sola-
mums Capsicastrum, and of its new parent,
var. Melveni. This last received a vote of
thanks, the old favorite being highly com-
mended. Some fine tomatoes grown by J.
Foster were highly commended, same award
being made for his fine vase of Bouvardia
brilliant, and vase of Cyperpedium.

A grand vase of Poinsettias from Th.
Ryan was awarded a cultural certificate.

The following members were elected as of-
ticers of the society for the coming year :

President : Robt. Williamson, Greenwich,
Conn. ; vice-president, Oscar E. Addor,
Larchmont, N. Y. ; secretary, J. B. McArdle,
Greenwich, Conn. ; trea.surer, W. J. Sealcy,
Port Chester, N. Y. ; corresponding secre-
tary, Owen Hunwick, Conyers Manor,
Greenwich, Conn. Executive Committee —
Harry Wild, Greenwich, Conn.; Th. Ryan,
Port Chester, N. Y. ; Adam Paterson, Sauga-
tuck. Conn.

It was decided to hold an annual dinner
in Germania Hall, New Roehelle, some time
in January, date to be decided on later.

Refreshments were provided by the largest
]irize winners at the New Roehelle show.

Our retiring president, Mr. James Stuart,
was given a Jiearty vote of thanks for his
wonderful work dining the last two years.
All members joined most heartily in sing-
ing "Auld Lang Svne" in his honor.

OSCAR ADDOR,
Corresponding Secretary.

ORCHIDS

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JULIUS ROEHRS CO., Rutherford, N. J.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

289

The March Number

OF THE

Gardeners^ Chronicle

WILL BE THE

International Show Edition

It will be both interesting and educational from the floricultural
and horticultural view-point

Engage your advertising space now to get choice of position.

Address: Advertising Department, GARDENERS CHRONICLE, Box 131, Madison, N. J.

SPECIAL DISCOUNTS

ON LARGE

ORDERS.

Plant for Immediate Effect

Not for Future Generations

Start with the largest stock that can be secured ! It takes over
twenty years to grow many of the Trees and Shrubs we offer.

We do the long waiting — thus enabling you to secure Trees and
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ANDORRA NURSERIES 'o" .^HTJ^^^IZ^a.

WM. WARNER HARPER, Proprietor

BURPEE'S SEEDS

PHILADELPHIA

Wholesale Price List for Florist*
and Market Gardeners.

er. Canna Hybridizer, and Origi-
more tlian 75 per cent, of the Loading
Cannas in Commerce today.

IMPROV[D (ANNAS

MRS. ALFRED F. CONARD, introduccJ
ill 1010. ,is a result of 15 years' can-tul
work, seemed, to tbe ExcUaDge represent-
ative as lie looked upon It in full bloom,
to he one of the greatest creations in
Cannas ever sent out. Its very large,
clear, sainion-plDb flowers, profusely pro-
duced on numerous beads, stand erect well
above its rich green foliage. Its bloom-
ini; season is apparently long, and It is
r. r i.iilv one of the most exquisite of the
whose blooms are In the lighter
-Krom The Florists' Exchange of
,-. . . ,il..-r 2S.

OTHER IMPROVED CANNAS
WORTH HAVING.

Per 100

Beacon. Red $20.00

Gladiotiora. Variegated 15.00

Meteor. Red 25.00

Rosea Gigantea, PinI: 25.00

Wm. Saunders, Red with bronze

I. nf 10.00

Mt, Blanc. Near white 10.00

Kate F. Deemer, Yellow 35.00

Mrs. Alfred F. Conard, Pinii 35.00

r. O. n. here.
I'.ir tlie best liiuds in the CANNA
i;iN'(TIiO.M write to

The Conard & Jones Co.

WEST GROVE, PENNA.

290

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

P. Hamilton Goodsell

200 Broadway New York City

Headquarters for specimen shade and ornamen-
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wants and let us give you a figure on it. Rhodo-
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THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

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For Mr. GEORGE JAY GOULD

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OK AMERICA.

Exhibit of vegetables at the Royal International Horticultural E: hibitioii, London. 1912. showing the English style o! staging

Boddingfton^s Quality Vegetable Seeds

Boddington''s Prize- ^.r^
Winning Quality %
Vegetable Seed
Specialties for Ex-
hibitors

PEAS—

Boddington's Mammoth I'kt.

Marrowfat Jo 25

Boddington's Selected Extra-
Early Gradus 15

BEANS—

Boddington's Bountiful 10

Boddington's Exhibition 15

BEETS— I'ki.

Boddington's Early Model

Globe $0 10

Boddington's Exhibition. . . .

Pkts. only. Si tor 5. . 25
BRUSSELS SPROUTS—
Boddington's Exhibition. . , .

Pkts. only, 5i Tor 5. . 25
CABBAGE—

Boddington's Early of

Earlies 'joz.. .50,-.. . 10

Boddington's Exhibition
Blood-Red., ^i tors pkts. . 25
CARROT—

Boddington's Improved Long

Red Surrey 10

Boddington's Selected New

Intermediate 05

CAULIFLOWER—

Boddington's Extra-Early
Snowball. .. I402., S1.75 . . 25
CELERY—

Boddington's Golden Self-
blanching 10
Boddington's Improved

White Plume 10

LEEK—

Boddington's Exhibition

Prizetaker 10

EGGPLANT—

Boddington's Improved New

York Spineless 10

KOHLRABI —

Boddington's Early White

Delicious 10

ENGLISH MELON—

Boddington's Selected Scar-
1 let Gem ■:;

Sparkill, N. Y., October 11, 1912.
MR. ARTHUR T. BODDINGTON

342 West I4tli bt., New York, N. Y.
Dear Sir: I think it only just to you to
let you know that I am more than pleased
with the seed you supplied me with this
spring as in the past. I made sixty-lour ex-
hibits at the Bergen and Rockland County i
Fairs, and took sixty first prizes, which
speaks volumes for the vitality of seed you
send out. You can depend upon my
patronage in the future.

Very truly yours,

J. BRADLEY,
Gardener for Mrs. W. R. Thompson.

CUCUMBER— Pkt.

Boddington's Improved Telegraph

25c. anrl So 50
Boddington's Selected White Spine . . 10
LETTUCE—

Big Boston: Boddington's Exhibition

Strain 10

May Queen: Boddington's Exhibition

Str ■
Boddington's Eclipse Cos (Romaine). . 10
MUSKMELON—

Boddington's Exhibition Emerald Gem. 10
KALE—

Boddington's Variegated Garnishing

Si tor 5 pkts.. . 25
MUSHROOM SPAWN—

Boddington's Quality Pure Culture .
Bri<k. ^ic, sfor$i.75, lofor J3..
ONION—

Boddington's Bountiful. . looz. socts. . 10
Boddington's Selected Ailsa Craig. . . .

J'iCZ. 50c. . . 10

PEPPER—

Boddington's Selected Chinese Giant 10

Boddington's Hercules 10

PARSLEY—

Boddington's Exhibition . 5 pkts. Si. 25
PARSNIP—

Boddington's Improved Hollow Crown. 05
RADISH—

Boddington's Early Frame 10

SQUASH—

Boddington's Extra-Early Jersey
White Bush 10

Boddington's English Vegetable Mar-
row, Long White 05

SPINACH—

Boddington's Triumph (Long Season) 05

Boddington's Improved Large and

Crumpled . . . .' 05

TOMATO— ^

Boddington's Early Sunrise . Jgoz. 60c. i.^;

Poddington's Aero 2.s <ts. and .so

TURNIP—

Pot't^irgfon's Model frowtall 10

One packet each of the above varieties for $5.

So 25

10 $0 35

Brussels Sprouts

Boddington's

Exhibition

1 25

SPECIAL OFFER.

This is a page from our 1913 Garden Guide which will be mailed to all gardeners about Dec. 15th, 1912.

If you do not receive a copy, drop us a post card.

WHEN IN THE CITY CALL. ALWAYS WELCOME

ARTHUR T. BODDINGTON, Seedsman, 342 W. 14th Street, New York

GARDENERS'
CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Combination of
Greenhouse and Garagfe

HERE is ail idea for you— it"? a good one:
Hook your gr^renhouse to the garage, and then the one
heating plant can heat them both. In this house of Mr.
W. II. Chesehorongh's at Spring Lake. N. J., the gardener,
I. 1). MacGregor. has snug, comfortable rooms over the garage,
making a handy fix for him and his family.

You see that the house is our Curved Eave Construction,
which is remarkable for its great lightness.

You need have no misgivings as to the durability of any
feature as the construction is our Sectional Iron Frame, with
such modifications as were necessary to make the Curved Eave,
anil combine the sill and gutter in one.

Send for our Catalog. It tells you just what you want to know.

Lord £y Burnham Co.

SALES OFFICES
NEW YORK BOSTON ROCHESTER

St. James BIdii. Tremont Bids. Granite Bldil.

PHILADELPHIA. CHICAGO

Franklin Bank BldK. Rookery Bldi!.
FACTORIES: Irvington. N Y., and Des Plaines. III.

The Importance
Of a Right Plan

C<iXTIM:ALLV wc arc up against inopositions where the
garcletier wants one thing and the owner another. Now
the question comes up, shall wc build what they want or
try to swing them around to a plan that will work out for
economy, endurance, convenience, attractiveness, and that can
be added to without looking like a sore 'thumb?

Naturally we endeavor to put into use our sixty years' ex-
perience in the business. Sometimes we run up against a snag
and our customers insist on building some unfortunate thing.
ICvery time we carry sucli ideas out, invariably the owner sees
the error when the layout is completed and blames us for it.
Kven accuses us of not knowing our business. So right at the
start, it's always best to call us in and talk things over, as wc
may in the end save you many mistakes. When shall wc come?

Hitchings £y Co.

Sales Office 1170 Broad'way, New York
General Offices and Factory -Elizabeth, N. J.

You Can't Mistake
A U-Bar House

TH I{ very minute you see a U-Bar. you know it
is a U-Bar. It has that U-Bar light airiness
about it — that nicety of detail and perfection
of finish that stamp it as the finest greenhouse made.
Everybody knows that U-Bar houses can't be
equalled for growing houses, and that's what you
want houses for.

Don't make the tnistakc of getting a house that
looks like a U-Bar: have a U-Bar and then you
know you have the best house.
.Send for catalog.

U-BAR GREENHOUSES

P1ER50N U-BAR CO

ONE MADISON AVE. NEWYORK

CANADIAN OfFICE., 10 PHILLIPS FLACt . MONTREAl

fS,

Let us repair your trees and
do your spraying. We have the
men that will climb high.

Why risk your lives climbing

high when we will furnish
men who do it the year round
and consequently become al-
most like squirrels in a tree ?
Send for our Free Leaflet explain-
ing our methods.

JOHN. T.wiTHERS, INC.

I Montgomery St., Jersey City, N. J.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. 295

Since 1847

The firm of Peter Henderson & Co. was founded
in 1 847 and the 66 years of successful seed-raising and
selling that is behind every packet of Henderson's seeds
must and does make them the best that it is possible to
buy. In your grandfather's day Henderson's was the
standard by which other seeds were judged, and the
same condition exists in 1913. Our methods of seed
testing which were the best three generations ago have
been improved upon from year to year, and are today
still the best.

The unknown quantity in your garden and on your
grounds is the quality of the seeds you plant and you
cannot be too careful in seeing that you obtain the best
procurable. Possibly as critical planters as any, in the
choice of their seeds, are the market gardeners or truck
farmers. As an endorsement of the quality of Hender-
son's seeds, w^e take pride in the fact, that Peter Hen-
derson & Co. supply a larger number of professional
growlers than any tw^o seed houses in the w^orld. The
very existence of these men depends upon their receiv-
ing the best quality of seeds, and Peter Hen-
derson & Co. are easily pre-eminent in the
professional grow^ing field. Hendersons
seeds are tested seeds.

Our 1913 catalogue, "Everything for the
Garden," is the handsomest v/e have ever
issued. We shall be glad to send you a copy
without charge if you will mention the Gar-
deners' Chronicle.

PETER HENDERSON & CO.

35-37 Cortlandt Street
New York City

296

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

The Mrs. Geo. Shawyer Rose

has won 17 certificates, a silver medal, a sweepstake cup and other awards in
the past two months. No other rose was ever so extensively shown in such a
short period. Now come and see it growing and you will agree with me that it
is a winner. It opens just as freely in winter as it does in summer, growing all
the time, and every shoot a flower.

New Carnations

Commodore, Wm. Eccles, Northport, Salmon Beauty and Enchantress Supreme
— all good and described in our 1913 catalog, which was mailed you. If you
have not received your copy kindly advise me.

New Mums?

Why, certainly! And you will need them, too, for the shows, to keep on top.
Why not write me ?

CHAS. H. TOTTY

MADISON, N. J.

BOBBINK (a ATKINS

World's Choicest Nursery and Greenhouse Products

SPRING PLANTING

Our Products are ct a liigher grade tlian ever tbis season, placing
us in a better position to flil orders with a class of material that will
give satisfaction to all our patrons. Our Nursery consists of 300 acres
of higlily cultivated land and a large area covered with greenhouses
and storehouses, in which we are growing Nursery and Greenhouse
Products for every place and purpose.

ROSES. We have several hun-
dred thousand Rose Plants that
will bloom this year. Order now
from our Illustrated General
Catalogue for Spring Delivery.

RHODODENDRONS. Many

thousands .if aeciiiiiiited plants in
Hardy English and .\merican
varieties are ^-r.iwing in our Nur-

TRAINED, DWARF AND OR-
DINARY FRUIT TREES AND
SMALL FRUITS. \V,- l'1"W tli.s.-

all kiiiils

HAJIDY OLD - FASHIONED

PLANTS. We grow thousands of
rare. new and old-fashioned
kinds, including Peonies and Iris
in a large variety. Special prices
on quantities.

HEDGE PLANTS. We grow a
large quantity of California

thp

ING MARSHMALLOW. Every-
body should be interested in tbis
hardy New Old-Fashioned Blower.
It will grow everywhere, and

friiiu .liilv uiitil the latt.r part of
;Se|.t.-li.l.,T.

EVERGREENS. CONIFERS

AND PINES. .Many acres of our
.Nmxiy nn- planted with haud-

BOXWOOD. Everybody loves

|.l;iiiis in i]i:iTi\- ^li;i|H- apcl sizes.

BAY TREES. PALMS and other

DECORATIVE PLANTS for Con-

^.ixi.t.ni.s. Interior anil Exterior

[TLBS AND ROOTS. We

■ aiul import (iiiantities of
IS and Roots from .Inpan.
and and other parts of

OUR NEW GIANTFLOWER-

OUR ILLUSTRATED GENERAL CATALOGUE NO. 46 DESCRIBES

OUR PRODUCTS; is iiin.-li. nsive. interesting, instructive and llel|i

fui tfi inteiiilioL' [inrctiasers. Will be mailed upon request.

THE PROPER WAY TO BUY is to see the material growing. We
sliall gla.lli giir nur time and attention to all Intending purchasers
visiting "iir .Xinsrii iind invite evervbodv interested in Improving
tlleir gr.iimds t., visit us.

VISITORS III!,.' i:ri,' Kiillnunl to Ciirll..il Tlill, second sto

III

Nil

WE PLAN AND PLANT GROUNDS AND GARDENS EVERY-
WHERE WITH OUR WORLDS CHOICEST NURSERY AND
GREENHOUSE PRODUCTS."

BOBBINK (Si ATKINS

Nonarymen, FloritU and FUnlcri RUTHERFORD, N. J.

LILY OF THE VALLEY

COLD STORAGE PIPS

MARSHALL'S MATCBLESS DRESDEN
Per 250, $7.00; per 500, $13.00; per 1000, $25.00

MARSHALL'S BEST BERLIN PIPS
Per 250, $6.50; per 500, $12.00; per 1000, $22.00

Our 1913 Catalogue has been mailed to all our
friends, and if you have not received a copy, send
a postal and secure one.

Our list of Novelties and Specialties for Exhi-
liition purpose.-^ is worthy of your consideration.

W. E. MARSHALL & CO.

166 West 23d Street New York

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

297

A New Year Resolution

Addressed to him who buys advertising,
and to him who buys what is advertised.

\Y /HERE AS, Mr. Advertiser, it is becoming quite evident that the Gardeners'
Chronicle is gaining recognition as the leader among horticultural publica-
tions, and, whereas, it circulates among a class of buyers not catered to by any
other publication,

BE IT RESOLVED, that you peruse the columns of the Gardeners'
Chronicle, and carefully consider whether you can afford to miss the opportunity
to get in touch with its readers — owners, superintendents, and gardeners of the
private estates; — to miss the access which places you before the big buyers of
horticultural products, and all that pertains thereto.

AND WHEREAS, the INTERNATIONAL SHOW NUM-
BER, to be issued on March 1 5 th, will be a special number in every sense that
such an issue implies, and will be distributed at the INTERNATIONAL
FLOWER SHOW, to be held in the Grand Central Palace. New York City,
April 5th to 12th, 1913,

BE IT RESOLVED, Mr. Advertiser, that if you are going to be
with us in this special number, that you apply now for your space, so that you
may not be disappointed by " seeking to enter later," when the best positions
have been appropriated. (Last forms close March 1 0th.)

NOW, WHEREAS, Mr. Buyer, you cannot err in patronizing those
who patronize us,

BE IT RESOLVED, that you patronize our advertisers, not because
they patronize us, but because we know that in patronizing them you will get
the best that you can get anywhere.

AND. FINALLY, BE IT KNOWN, that we will not knowingly
permit any advertisement to appear in our columns, through which our readers
would secure less than full value for their money.

Dated, Madison, N. J., this first day of January, in the year nineteen
hundred and thirteen.

MARTIN C. EBEL,

Managing Editor.

298

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

trtje Contents

Popular Perennials . W. Seville, A. R. H. S. 299

"Garden of Eden" 300

Problems of Plant Diseases Prof. J. J. Taubenhaus 301
Bees and Flowers . . J. B. Thomson 305

Dutch Tuberous Begonia Growers Chas. Schrall 307
Camera Snapshots . . . W. H. Waile 308
Christmas in a Potting Shed .... 309

Little Landers 309

Wornout Land 309

Is Sawdust Injurious to Horticulture? . . . 309

House Plants and Humidity . .312

Value of Wasted Sewerage . . . .312

Loose Ground . . . . . . .312

The Question of Hardiness . . . .312

Editorial Page 313

The Two Seekers . . . A.W.Peach 313

=f anuarp, 1913

Association Notes . . . . . .314

President's Message . . . . . .314

Among the Gardeners . . . . .315

Queries and Answers . . . . . .316

The Manuring of Forest Trees Arthur Smith 317

Vegetable Growing . . Various Authorities 320

Lime as a Soil Adjuster ..... 320

Photo of "Pelican Plant" Wm. Kleinheinz 321

National Associations ..... 322

Local Societies . . . . . ' . . 322

Gardener's Diary . . . .323

North Westchester Hort. Society M. J. O'Brien 323
Lake Geneva Gardeners' and Foremen's Assn. . 323
Tarrytown Dinner ...... 324

Oyster Bay Hort. Society ..... 324

American Rose Society ..... 324

Connecticut Hort. Society . . . . .325

MILADY

the new, red forcing rose will be dis-
seminated by us in March.

We can supply Mrs. Chas. Russell
and Mrs. Geo. Shawyer.

Our catalog covers Roses, Carnations,
Chrysanthemums, Geraniums, Cannas,
Bedding Stock, Orchids, Gardenias.
We want you to receive our catalog.
Send us a card and make sure your
address is correct on our maihng list.

A. N. PIERSON

INCORPORATED

CROMWELL, CONN.

MARCH NUMBER

of the

Gardeners^ Chronicle

will be the

INTERNATIONAL SHOW
''BOOST" ISSUE

It will be distributed among the
gardening jirolession from Coast
to Coast^also at the Show.
It may interest you to know that
the first application for space for
this special number came from
across the water.

Are You Next?

For all particulars, address

Advertising Department,

Gardeners' Chronicle,
Madison, N. J.

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA

DEVOTED TO THE SCIENCE OF FLORICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE

ADAPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF

THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

Vol. XVIS.

JANUARY, 1913.

No. 3.

Popular Perennials

By W. Saville, A. R. H. S.

DELPHINIUMS.

Few plants contribute so much to the beauty of the
garden as these fine plants of the Crowfoot Order.
There are in cultivation many species, both annual and
perennial, but the most important are the tall hybrid
perennials. They are valuable for their wonderful
range of lovely color and great variety in height, from
1 to 10 feet. The colors range from almost scarlet to
pure white, from the palest lavender up through every
shade of blue to deep indigo ; and for the variety and
size of their individual blooms, some of which are
single, some semi-double and some perfectly double,
and all set on spikes ranging from 1 to 6 feet in height.
About a dozen species have given rise to the cultivated
forms.

Culture and Position. — The combinations in which
the}- can be placed are numerous. They may be used
in the mixed border, in masses or groups, in one or sev-
eral colors, or associated with other flowering plants
or shrubs. Perennial Larkspurs thrive in almost any
situation and soil ; they are easily increased and are
quite hardy. A deep friable loam, enriched with de-
cayed manure, is a good soil for them, but they will
grow in a hot sandy soil if it be heavily manured and
watered. Every tliree or four 3'ears they should be
lilted, divided and replanted, and this is best done in
spring, just as they are starting into growth. They
may be divided in summer after flowering: if this is
done cut down the plants before thej' produce seed,
let them remain a week or ten days until they start
afresh ; then carefully divide and replant them, shad-
ing and watering until they are established. Late
aiUumn division is not advisable. Delphiniums can
be made to bloom for several months by continually
cutting off the spikes after they have done flowering.
If the central spike be removed the side shoots will
flower and by thus cutting oft' the old flowers before
they form seeds we cause fresh shoots to issue from
the base and to keep up a succession of bloom. An-
other plan is to let the shoots remain intact until all
have nearly done flowering, and then to cut the entire
plant to the ground, when in about three weeks there
will be fresh bloom. In this case, however, to kcej)
the plants from becoming exhausted they must have a
heaving dressing of manure, or applications of liquid
manure. Bone meal applied in spring and lightly
forked into the soil is beneficial. Top dressings of ma-
nure keep the. soil moist and cool, give the plants a
healthier growth, increase the number and improve the
quality of the flowers. The following is a selection of
a few of the best kinds:

]\IOERHERAn. Originated as a sport a few years
ago ; grows 6 feet high, spikes about 30 inches long ;
flowers large, with pure-white eye, produces more flow-
er spikes on one plant than any other hybrid, being in
flower from the middle of June until autumn. Numer-
ous branches arise from the base of the central spike ;
they are of a most convenient size for cutting and well
furnished with flowers. The plant has a very strong
and healthy constitution and is not subject to mildew.
Award of Alerit, R. H. S., 1909.

CAPRI. This novelty originated at the same time as
"Moerhermi" from one mother plant and has the same
habit, form and size of flowers, but with a splendid sky-
blue color.

:\IR. J. S. BRUNTON. An excellent deep cornflower
blue variety, having large flowers which stand out well
from the main stem : it has a white eye covered with
deep orange hairs and grows 6 feet high, produces an
immense quantity of graceful spikes 20 inches long
throughout the whole summer, and is of great value
for cutting purposes ; the foliage is deeplv divided.
Award of Merit. R. H. S.. June. 1912 .

REV. E. LASCELLES. Another variety which re-
ceived an A. M. is one of the finest Delphiniums with
bold spike and large double flowers with white and
blue center, well placed on the spike; grows 4 to 5 feet
high and will become very popular as the stock
increases. Other fine varieties that gained awards in
1912 are: Colonel Crabbe, cornflower; blue and violet-
purple with practically no eye. Cymbeline, semi-
double small cornflower, blue flowers tinged with
violet mauve. Darais, semi-double creamy white
flowers. Dusky Monarch throws up spikes to a height
of 9 feet with flowers of a deep violet purple shading to
marine blue. Jessica, royal blue with a dark brown
center. J. S. Sargent, a good late variety \vith prelty
marine blue flowers tinged with dark purple. Lizzie
Van Veen, one of the best large single cornflower blue
flowers. Madame E. Gevy, a distinct variety with
tapering spikes violet-purple flowers and reddish
stems. ^Irs. James Kelway, blunt spikes semi-double
flowers of Venetian blue. Royal Standard, a variety of
no great height but with a well-furnished spike of
marine blue flowers with a white center. Smoke of War,
produces tapering well-furnished symmetrical spikes of
deep purple-violet flowers.

If choice named varieties are not desired Belladonna,
Belladonna Grandiflora, Formosum and Formosum
Coelestinum are varieties that will prove very effec-
tive. On looking through the seedsmen's new cata-
logues I notice one firm offering seed of 29 named
varieties of Delphiniums.

300

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

PAPAVER (Poppy).

Some of the most brilliant of hardy flowers and of
the simplest culture. There are a few good perennials,
but the majority are annual and biennial. They range
from the tiny Alpine Poppy to the stately Poppy-Ori-
entale and its varieties. The best garden kinds are:

P. ALPINUM (Alpine Poppy). This has beauti-
ful large white flowers with yellow centers, dissected
leaves cut into acute lobes. A native of the higher
Alps, it may sometimes be seen in good condition in
gardens, but it is liable to perish, unlike a true peren-
nial. There are white, yellow and scarlet forms in
cultivation. The variety albeflorum has white flowers,
spotted at the base, while the hairy variety flaviflorum
has showy orange flowers ; easily raised from seed.

P. NUDICAULE (Iceland Poppy). Is easily raised
from seed and forms rich masses of cup-like flowers ;
it is not a true perennial and should be raised an-
nually; it is handsome for borders and the rock gar-
den and is grown extensively for cut flowers. There
are several white, yellow and orange-red varieties.
Native of Siberia and Northern parts of America.

P. ORIENTALE. The most showy of all Poppies
and is among the noblest of the hardy plants and the
variety bractestum is larger and handsomer; this
variety forms masses of handsome foliage, carries the
flower on stiff stalks with leafy bracts at intervals.
P. Orientale has naked flower stalks ; it seems as if
orientale has been crossed with bracteatvmi, for there
are a good many hybrids in gardens. These regal
plants are unequalled for their gorgeous display of col-
oring in Is.la.y and June and are conspicuous in any po-
sition in masses or planted singly ; they do best in a
deep rich loam, planted in August or September. If
spring planting is done plant very early or use plants
that have been grown in pots. After flowering, the
plants die back, reappearing again as soon as the
weather gets cool. During this resting season care
should be taken not to. disturb the roots in cultivating
the beds or failure will probably be the result. Water
during dry spells and mulch with litter in the fall. The
prevailing color is orange-scarlet, but during the past
few years hardy plantsmen have given us quite a num-
ber of new varieties ranging from silvery white, soft
pink and salmon to crimson and carmine-purple.

The following varieties are some of the best: Blush
Queen, soft rosy-white changing to silvery-white. Go-
liath, one of the most effective with strong erect stems
producing enormous scarlet flowers in great abund-
ance. Jennie Mawson, salmon pink, flowers will ex-
pand and carried erect on stout stems. Mahony ; while
the new Oriental Poppies are mostly in the lighter
shades this one is without any doubt the darkest one
in cultivation. It was raised some years ago and its
color is of the darkest carmine-purple imaginable,
much nearer mahogany than ever seen in any other
flower. Marie Studholme, pure salmon flowers with
a silvery shade and a touch of carmine at the base of
the petals gives this variety a most striking eft'ect.
Mrs. Perrj-, distinct and very beautiful with enormous
flowers of a curious shade of orange-apricot. Oriental
King, an exceedingly fine garden plant, on account of
its strong stems and upright habit, carrying large
crimson-scarlet flowers which seem to consist of one
perfect flower within a large and equally perfect one.
Princess Eva, color liglit orange-salmon, but its great
beauty consists in the medium-size flowers, splendid
in form and freely produced. Princess Victoria Louise,
a lovely variety of soft salmon-rose, shading to blush
rose in color. Queen Alexandra, a new variety with

clear rose-salmon flowers. Oriental Hybrids are raised
from seed sown very thinly in September; pot up the
seedlings when quite small and carry them through the
winter in cold frames and nice plants will be available
for planting into permanent quarters in the spring.

P. PHAE.\S (Common Corn Poppy). The Carna-
tion, Picotee and Ranunculus Poppies are double forms
of the common red field Poppy, possessing almost
every color except blue and yellow ; some being self-
colored, others beautifully variegated. They are also
known as French and German Poppies. Some are
dwarfer than others, but all are between 2 and 3 feet in
height. Of recent years pretty single flowers of the
Corn Poppy have become popular and deservedly so
under the name of "Shirley Poppies," and are an ex-
ample of what has been done by selection and re-
selection of seeds. This selection was made by the
\'icar of Shirley, the Rev. \V. W'ilks, who is also secre-
tary of the R. H. S. and has worked hard for the ad-
vancement of Horticulture. Being hardy annuals they
can be sown where they are to bloom and should be
grown in good soil to bring out fully their size and
color. Few annuals afford such a brilliant display as
the dift'erent kinds of Corn Poppy in outlying beds and
borders during the summer.

P. SOMNIFERUM (Opium Poppy). This beauti-
ful and variably-colored Poppy is a valuable hardy
annual. It generally grows about ly^ feet in height
and varies from white to deep crimson. The double
scarlet, double white and double striped are all varie-
ties of it. and their great flower-heads have a bold and
striking effect planted in masses. By selection a type
called the Psony-flowered Poppy has been obtained
from them ; it has large and very double broad-petalled
flowers which vary in color from white to dark crim-
son, and is distinct. The Poppy and its varieties are
treated as hardy annuals in the same way as Phaeas.

IX THE G.XRDEN OF EDEN.

Ett — You must e.Tt this, .Adam.
.-f,/,K.i— Not on your life, when 1

ell them at a dollar a dozen.

The Problem of Plant 'Diseases Which Confronts the Gardener

By J. J. Taubenhaus, M. S.

Assistant Plant Pathologist. Delaware Agricultural Experiment Station,

Read before the convention of the National Association
of Gardners, at Newark, N. J., November 19, 1912.

It is indeed a great privilege for me to speak before you
today. I am sure that you will agree with me that the
subject on which I am about to speak is in accord with
the purpose which has brought us all together now. Men
unite and combine in all walks of life, and conventions
are merely held for the purpose of discussing the prob-
lems of the individuals through the guise of the organiza-
tions. Numerous as are the problems of the gardener, I
shall only deal with those of plant diseases which are be-
coming more and more serious. In order, however, to
discuss the subject more intelligently, it would not be out
of place briefly to inquire what causes disease in plants.

The prevalent belief among gardeners is that plant dis-
ease can only be induced by overfeeding and unfavor-
able weather conditions. We do not deny that these two
factors bring about physiological disturbances in the life
of the plant. Nevertheless, we must not overlook the
fact that plant troubles are induced by specific plant para-
sites such as bacteria, fungi and insects. Bacteria are very-
minute plants which are invisible to the naked eye, and
can only be seen when they are magnified with the micro-
scope. The average size of a single bacterium is 1/10000

lus Erw. Smith) is capable of attacking cucumber
and melon plants both under glass and outdoor.
It also attacks the pumpkin and the squash. The
symptoms are a general wilting and a collapse of
the plant. This disease can be readily recognized
in the field when cutting across an infected stem by the
presence, on the moist cut end, of a sticky, gummy, sub-
stance, which is exuded and which can be drawn out to a
fine thread by touching with the fingers. The germ is
distributed from plant to plant by the striped cucumber
beetle. This disease is often mistaken for the wilt pro-
duced by a Fusarium fungus.

The Black Rot of Cabbage. — This is another bac-
terial disease which often causes great loss to
truckers. The germ (Pseudomonas campestris (Pam.)
Erw. Smith) which causes this disease is also known
to attack cauliflower and several other cruciferous plants.
The symptoms are a yellowing of the leaves, with a brown-
ing of the margins and a blackening of the veins.

Crown Gall. — This disease attacks a great variety of
plants, such as the peach, apple, grape, walnut, rose, daisy,
and many others. Young nursery stock, as well as older
trees in the orchard, are alike subject to it. The symptoms
of this disease are swellings, or the production of galls at

1

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k

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1

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4

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"DAMPING OFF" OF LETTUCE SEEDLING

•■DAMPING OFF'

of an inch. Parasitic fungi, too, may be so small as to be
invisible to the naked eye, or they may be very large like
some of the large mushrooms. Not all the bacteria and
fungi are parasitic plants ; but under favorable conditions
to the host they can become true parasites. The bread
mould, for instance, which is considered as a harmless
fungus unable to attack vigorous growing plants, will,
under unfavorable storage conditions, induce a soft rot
disease of sweet potatoes and other stored crops. As for
the insects, everyone knows what they are.

For the sake of illustration, I will briefly consider a
few diseases of each of the above types.

SOME PLANT DISEASES WHICH ARE INDUCED BY BACTERIA.

Cucumber Wilt. — The germ (Bacillus tracheiphil-

ANTHRACUOSE OF SWEET PEAS.

I.MATU SFEDLING

the base of the stem, or sometimes on the roots. Dr. Erwin
1'. Smith of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, has
recently found out the cause of this disease which he at-
tributes to a bacterium (Bacterium tumeficians Erw.
Smith).

The above mentioned bacterial diseases are only a few
of the many with which the gardener has to contend.

SOME PLANT DISEASES WHICH ARE INDUCED BY FUNGI.

Here, as in the case of the bacterial diseases, I will but
Iiriefly indicate a few of the types of fungus diseases
which are becoming troublesome.

1. Fungus Diseases Originating with the Seed. — It
has been tlefinitely established that some diseases can be
carried with the seeds, either as viable spores adhering to

302

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

the seed coat, or as living mycelium which invades the
same. The anthracnoses are a class of diseases which
sometimes have their starting point with diseased seed.
Examples of this is the anthracnose disease of the sweet
pea (Clomerella rufomaculans), the bean anthracnose
(Colletotrichum lindemuthiamum), etc. There are no
svmptoms to indicate the presence of these diseases, when
the spores of the fungi are carried on the seed coat. How-
ever, when carried within tlie seed as living mycelium,
the symptoms of the anthracnose is indicated as spots, or
blackish sunken areas, or as a general shriveling of the
seed. When these are planted they often fail to germinate.
Sometimes, when the infection has not advanced too far,
these seeds germinate with the disease following the young
seedlings. The latter may never attain any size and soon

crop diseases likewise can often be traced to diseased
seedlings bought elsewhere.

3. Soil Troubles. — Under soil troubles the gardener
has to contend with some of the most stubborn of the dis-
eases of plants. There are a great number of fungi in the
soil which are capable of producing disease in plants.
However, we shall only consider four of the most active
parasites. The type of disease which these fungi produce
is known as "damping off" and wilts. These fungi are
met with in the field, in the garden, in the hotbed or cold
frame, and in the greenhouse. When once introduced in
a soil, they are capable of retaining their activities of de-
struction for years.

(a) Damping Off Fungus (Pythium de Baryanum
Hesse). — This fungus attacks a variety of hosts, such as

DOWNEY MILDEW OF TOM.VTO

LE.VF SPOT OF TOMATO.

SOFT ROT OF SWEET POTATI

die, or they succeed to grow and produce a dwarfed,
sickly plant. In either case the field or greenhouse be-
comes contaminated and the healthy plants subjected to
the attacks of the disease.

2. Diseases which are carried on the living parts of the
plant. — Under this discussion we will limit ourselves to
a brief consideration of the diseases of the nurserv stock.
Nursery stock is often the means of carrying fungus dis-
ease from one locality to another, from one State to an-
other, and even from one country to another. I have often
seen the fire blight of the pear introduced into a pear or-
chard and the latter completely devastated through the im-
portation of a few diseased young trees, which were
bought to replace some missing ones. The black rot
canker (Sphearopsis malorum) of the apple, which is
characterized by a cracking of the bark, can undoubtedly
he carried with the young stock to the orchard. The
chestnut bark disease (Diaporthe parasitica) and a host
of other fruit and ornamental tree diseases can be carried
with young stock from tlie nursery to the orchard. Truck

lettuce, cucumber, tomato seedlings, etc. "Damp-
ing off" attacks the seedlings a few days after germina-
tion. The point of attack is at or near the surface of the
ground. The affected seedlings fall over and collapse.
The damping off fungus will also attack grown-up plants
when planted too close, or portions of plants when these
touch the ground.

(b) Drop Fungus (Schlerotinia libertiana F.). — This
fungus, like the one mentioned above, is a very active par-
asite. It is capable of producing a damping oft' disease
of young seedlings; also a serious disease of greenhouse
lettuce and other vegetable crops. The symptoms of the
diseases which this fungus produces are, flagging and col-
lapsing of the aft'ected plant.

(c)Sleeping Sickness. — The fungi which produces this
class of disease are known as Fusariums. Not all of them
are parasites. Some Fusaria produce damping off of
seedlings either in the greenhouse or out of doors. (It
is not known whether these all belong to one and the
same species), while others can produce a disease on

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

303

grown-up plants, known as sleeping sickness. Fusarium
parasites nearly always invade the vessels of the plant,
thus clogging the upward flow of water. Infected plants
droop their leaves as if asleep : they soon wilt and die.
Examples of this are the sleeping sickness of tomato, the
wilt of the cabbage, and other plants.

(d) Rhizoctonia Root Rots. — This fungus (Rhizoc-
tonia saloni E. & L.) is also a common soil parasite, and
is capable of producing damping off of lettuce and many
other seedlings. This fungus also produces the well-
known "Rosette" disease of potatoes, and it can also at-
tack grown-up plants such as the bean, sweet pea, and
several others. This fungus produces strangling of- the
host, as it is nearly always confined to the cambium, or
the vital part of the plant.

PHYSIOLOGICAL DISE.\SE.S.

By this is meant any derangement in the health of
plants, due to improper soil or cultural conditions, or to
too heavy soils, where the amount of air which reaches the
roots is rather limited : this results in a sort of asphyxia-
tion, in a languid growth, and finally in the death of the
plant. The lack of potash in the soil, or of any other of
the mineral constituents of the plant, will induce ill
health. Overfeeding often also acts detrimentally on the
health of the plant. Overfeeding with nitrogenous fer-
tilizers in the case of the sweet pea. for instance, will pro-
duce a drop of the blossoms, especially of the young buds
before they open. In overfeeding, we are apt to furnish

I'inally, we nuLst not omit the class of higher flowering
plants which have degenerated and have adopted a para-
sitic life. The dafider is an example of this.

I have briefly pointed out the different classes of plant
diseases. The question, then, is, what can the gardener
do to avoid the spread of epidemics and to reduce the loss
of his plant by diseases to a mere fraction ? The dictum.
"One ounce of prevention is worth two of cure,"' con-
tains the key to the solution of the above problem. In
our present day of progress where efficiency alone counts,
and where specialization is reaching its maximum of per-
fection, the gardening profession, too, calls forth from
the gardener the best of his brain and efforts. The more
we progress the more life becomes complicated, and under
these conditions also we complicate the life of our plants.
In order to obtain earlier fruits or vegetables, we submit
our plants to all sorts of abnormal standards of growth
and forcing. Such plants are naturally made less resist-
ant to diseases. Moreover, with facilities for transporta-
tion, new diseases are constantly brought in from other
localities. States and countries into our own locality, gar-
den or greenhouse. The asparagus rust, for instance, was
known in Europe as early as 1805. It has been since in-
troduced in the United States, and it is now found wher-
ever asparagus is grown. The same is true of many other
plant diseases. While Europe has sent us some of our
worst plant pests, we too have given them in turn a good-
Iv share. The black rot and the phylloxera of the grape

CROWX G.\LL

the plant too much of one element like nitrogen, and very
little of the other elements which the plant needs.

INSECT PESTS.

The harmful effect of insects are twofold. First, the
injury which they inflict on the plant through the biting
or sucking, as the case may be, and, second, by carrying
and distributing the spores of bacteria and fungi which
cause plant diseases. It is well known that the germs of
the fire blight of the pear and apple and a host of other
diseases are carried and distributed from tree to tree by
insects, such as the larvae of beetles, moths, butterflies;
also green aphids, red spider, and even liy harmless in-
sects, such as bees. Many of the insect parasites pass their
life cycles above ground, and confine their injury to the
exterior parts of the plants. In this case the means of
control are comparatively simple. Same insects, however,
pass a part of their life cycle as parasites under the
ground : control in this case is more difficult. An example
of this is the wire worm.

BITTER ROT OF .\PPLE.

OF PEACH.

are both indigenous to America. Most of the plant dis-
eases w^ould not have spread tojextensively had we known
earlier to recognize them.

The infectious nature of
plant diseases has only been recognized in the nineteenth
century. The science of plant disease is comparatively
voung^ and it is only of recent date that this science is be-
ing popularized. It is evident how important it is for the
gardener to learn to recognize the diseases which attack
iiis crops, in order to meet with success in'his preventive
measures. But in this, as in any other enterprise, co-op-
eration is necessary for success. It is necessary for gar-
deners to combine efforts. We may be as careful as pos-
.sible. in preventing the spread of plant disease, yet our
efforts are futile if our neighbor neglects all sanitary pre-
cautions, and allows unchecked the spread of plant para-
sites. It is also necessary not only to have the co-opera-
tion of our neighbors, but also of the whole community,
as well as the laws of the country, in order to prevent the
mis-ration of diseases. Thus the gardener, far from op-
posing anv attempt of legislation in this direction, should,

304

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

on the contrary, lend all possible assistance. All such
legislation, as a whole, tends to benefit the community,
and in the long rtni each individual gardener, horticultur-
ist or farmer, reaps in full of the same benefit.

As previously hinted, plant disease could easily be
avoided if certain precautionary measures are taken. In
order to have healthy plants we must begin with healthy
seeds. Of course, life is too short for the gardener to be
able to attempt to grow his own seeds. He must neces-
sarily depend for them on the seedsman. You should,
therefore, make it a practice to patronize the honest seed
firm, where attempt is made to sell nothing but good seed :
seed selected from the best varieties and from the healthi-
est plants. But even with the best methods of selection,
seecis will nevertheless carry a certain amount of disease
in the form of spores, which adhere to the seed coat : and
also as internal latent infections. In this case, therefore,
it would pay for each individual to select the seeds after
he buys them, and to discard the shriveled seeds and those
which show any suspicion of disease. Only the plump,
healthy seeds should be sown. Before planting, soak the
seeds from five to ten minutes (the time depending, of
course, on the kind of seed) in a solution of 1 pound of
formalin to 50 gallons of water. Delicate seeds, like that
of the tomato, require a weaker stregth of formalin. There
is still much experimentation to be done before definite
formula of treatment can be given. Spraying of the
plants is another indispensable precautionary method for
preventing disease. When once a plant is diseased, spray-
ing will not help it, because the parasite lives within the
plant where the poison cannot reach it ; however, it will
check the disease from spreading. Spraying should be
done on healthy plants and thus prevent the parasitic bac-
teria and fungi to gain access to the plant. There are sev-
eral good spray mixtures, all of which, no doubt, have
their merits in the control of certain particular diseases,
but if an attempt is made to use them as a panacea to pre-
vent all sorts of plant disease, failure is sure to be the re-
sult. The ideal spray mixture that the gardener needs is
no doubt one which will not spot foliage nor fruit, and
which at the same time will spread and adhere well to the
sprayed surface of the plant. Chemical companies who
deal in insecticides and fungicides have, no doubt, a great
future before them, for we are still in need of a spray

PERTECT. DISEASED.

AXTHRACUOSE OF EGG PLANT.

mixture which can be applied at any time, and which will
combine all the fungicidal values in preventing all sorts
of fungus diseases, and which will also at the same time
combine all the good insecticidal qualities in warding off
both sucking and biting insects. This, of course, sounds
like a dream at present, but the time is doubtless ripe for
it to materialize.

Finally, the last and most important precautionary
method, especially from the point of view of the gardener,
the trucker, and the greenhouse man, is that of soil treat-
ment. The practice of annually emptying the cold frames
and the greenhouse benches by taking out the old and
putting in fresh soil, is not always to be commended. This
practice entails too much labor and expense, and the re-
sults are very uncertain. We never know that the new
virgin soil which we bring into the greenhouse is always
free from disease, for as we have already pointed out, the
soil is a great carrier of disease. The same soil can be
used annually in the greenhouse or in the hot bed. When
last year's crop is through, allow the soil in the benches
to dry out a little. Add then two inches of rotted manure
or any other compost that you wish to apply, and water
two or three times within a month. This will leach out
into the soil all the soluble elements of the manure. Two
weeks before planting work over the beds so as to mix
well the soil and the compost, and also add at this time
whatever chemical fertilizers you think it is necessary to
balance the ration for the crop which you are to plant.
When this is done the beds are treated with formalin or
steam sterilized. The formalin treatment will kill almost
all of the fungi in the soil, but it will not kill eel worms.
The formalin treatment could be used advantageously in
cold frames and hot beds. For greenhouse purposes,
steam sterilization is best, as it kills both fungi and eel
worms in the soil.

Soil sterilization can only be done in the greenhouse or
in seed frames. Its use in the field is as yet impracticable
and impossible, due to its high cost. In case, then, of in-
fected fields, the only means of control we now have is
rotation of crops. Xo attempt should be made to grow
the same crop in succession. This practice never pays in
the long run.

In conclusion, I wish to state that the Department of
I'lant Pathology of the Delaware Agricultural Experi-
ment Station extends to you free of
charge the privilege of calling on her
for help or advice in every possible
wa\-. This department will be glad to
identify diseased specimens for j'ou,
and prescribe means of control when-
ever possible. As a member of your
society, I wish to co-operate with you
in every possible way and to help you
control your plant diseases. I gladly
offer my services free, and hope you
feel that you have in me the plant
pathologist of your society.

NATIONAL
FLOWER SHOW

APRIL 5-12, 1913
GRAND CENTRAL PALACE

NEW YORK

Bees and Flowers

By J. B. Thomson

In the economy of nature, the subject of the relation
of bees to horticulture is so great that I can only give
a brief outline of it in this article.

We know that bees gather nectar from the blos-
soms, but It is not known generally why their wants are
supplied by the floral world. The answer to this re-
veals to us a new meaning for the existence of these
insects.

Plants blossom in order that seed may be produced,
and the race continued. Before seed can be produced
pollen borne by anthers must be placed on a certain spe-
cial part called the stigma ; should the pollen be of a
suitable kind, and the stigma in a receptive condition,
i. e., adhesive, when the pollen comes into contact, then
a delicate thread called the pollen tube is thrown out
by the pollen granule which forms a connection with
the seed vessel by which the seed becomes fertilized,
and when mature capable of germination.

If we examine a flower we shall find generally just
within its corolla the productive organs; they consist
of stamens and pistil. Stamens are slender filaments,
carrying little knobs at their extremities called anthers
which bear pollen : these are the male organs, while the
female organ consists of the ovary containing the
ovules or undeveloped seeds, and one or more thread-
like styles arising from it, each terminating with a fleshy
stigma.

The great majority of flowers possess both anthers
and stigma, thus carrying both sexes on the same flow-
er. This would lead us to suppose the transmission of
pollen was secure ; but it is not so, for we know that con-
spicuous flowers, generally speaking, are especially ar-
ranged to prevent or impede fertilization by pollen,
which they themselves produce, while marvelous con-
trivances are found to secure pollen from some other
flower, ol¥ a plant of the same species, by the agency
of bees. Nature protests against inbreeding in plants
no less than animals, in flowers as well as bees.

Sprengel was able to show bj' far the larger num-
ber of flowering plants confide to insects the duty of
bringing about these unions, which without them
would never be accomplished. Of the whole insect
agency the honey bee stands at the head of the list and
fertilizes about 90 per cent., and is par excellence the
complement of the blossom.

For in spring when fruit trees are in bloom there are
20 bees visiting the flowers to one of any other kind of
insects, the flowers offering them pollen and nectar
in the most attractive form. We thus see that pollen
is necessary to both flowers and bees, and is borne in
such profusion that the surplus goes as a flesh-forming
food for the bees.

The position of nectaries in flowers dilTers ; while
some lie on the surface, others are found in deep re-
cesses : this insures the bees coming well into contact
with the male and female parts, but the sexes don't
always exist in the same flower, and many flowers in
which both do exist prevent self-fertilization by ma-
turing these organs the one before the other.

The proteranderous plants are those in which the
anthers ripen first; for example, if we examine a nas-
turtium flower we find the nectar secreted in a long
spur. When the flower first opens the style is short
and immature, and the anthers mature one after the
other, the process occupying from three to seven days,
during this time the flower is in function only male ;
the anthers now fade and droop of¥, when the style
grows longer and the pistil with the stigma adhesive
and receptive assumes its proper position to receive
the pollen from the powdered breast of a bee, carried
from a younger to this older flower.

Proterogenous plants are a class the reverse of the
last ; for example, the apple, which mature the female
parts first, is strictly a fusion of five fruits and requires
no less than five separate fertilizations for its perfect
production. It sometimes happens that one or two

NOVELTY PEONY FLOWERED DAHLIAS

With the recent popularity of this beautiful type of Dahlias a distinct advance has been made m
size, coloring and profuseness' of bloom. The following ten varieties, grown for the first time in this
country last season, proved to be decided acquisitions to this grand type.

Alice Brilliant carmine, shaded lake; this variety is bor
* above the foliage on long, stiff stems.

veil

Belfast Gem

Betty.

Light pink, shaded carmine, deep yellpw center;

most charming; profuse and early bloomer.
\ beautiful deep pink flower of excellent size and evenness
■ f color. Splendid.

Engineer.
Matador.

r^nrhinPJll "^ most striking variety, and the subject of mui
* admiration in our fields last autumn; of de

Beautiful bright lake, suffused yellow, a most ex-
quisite color; very free-flowering and of large size.
Terra-cotta, suffused lake; a distinct variety of per-
fectly charming color.
PpmhrnlcP Bright carmine, shaded white; flowers large, borne
I ClIIUIUIVC ^^^jj above the foliage on strong, stiff stems.
Pir^dor ^^^P blush, shaded lilac; of decidedly unique coloring

(i, shaded fawn.
Without doubt one of the finest

Dahlias yet

nd good exhibition siz€

The Duchess ^'=""''^"' '='''"

long, stiff stems,
shaded crimson; a perfectly
gorgeous bloomer of ideal habit, and one that
ally nfler this coming year.

Purity.

Pot plants, for delivery during May, $1.25 each, $12 per doz. Set of one each, 10 varieties, 10 plants, $10.

I'lace vdiir urdcr eari\-, as vou will need some of these varieties for the Fall Shows.

Wtmm^Watief^

50 BARCLAY ST.
NEW YORK

306

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

of the stigmas are not fertilized for want of insect
agency and the fruit on one side is deformed. If such
an apple be cut across it will be found the undeveloped
part lies where the pip is shriveled.

Among the plum growers of the British Isles it is
found that the pollen of other kinds is more prepotent;
so much so, they have made it a study to have various
kinds in bloom at the same time.

Monocious plants are those which have the genders
in different flowers of the same plant, such as melons,
cucumbers, marrow, etc.

Diocious plants are the class that have the genders
placed on separate plants, a good example of this we
have in the common early-flowering willow on road-
sides where the yellow flowers are covered with pollen
and the dull gray flowers have nectar to attract bees ;
we thus see that bees perpetuate flowers, and flowers
continue the existence of bees, both being vitally de-
pendent on each other, and both by their agency con-
tributing towards the support of mankind.

Anemophilous plants are a class that bear inconspic-
uous flowers, have large quantities of pollen, no nec-
tar, and are wholly fertilized by the wind. This
includes all kinds of grasses, tomatoes and others.

I would here remark that in some varieties of straw-
berries there is a tendency to a separation of the sexes ;
those bearing large flowers are frequently tending to
become male, to produce few fruit, and a great manv
runners, while the same variety with small flowers, all
tending to become female, are abundant bearers and to
produce few runners. If we look at a strawberrv we
find that it requires from 200 to 300 distinct fertiliza-
tions for its perfect production, each berry being com-
posed of that number of drupels, i. e., little lobes of fruit,
each having a female.

In one raspberry there are a])out 90 male anthers
and 60 to 70 drupels each carrying a female stigma,
while on the receptacle will be seen a ring of shining
dots of nectar. It thus requires 60 or 70 distinct fer-
tilizations to perfect each fruit, otherwise the fruit does
not develop, but in some parts remains green and hard.

Red clover and the bean can only be fertilized by the
bumble bee, the nectar in these being situated at the
bottom of a long flower tube ; these are the only bees
ivvith a proboscis long enough to reach' it. ' It is most
interesting to watch the bumble bees when beans are
in bloom, how they nip a piece at the base of the
bean flower, making an entrance by a short way to
the nectar. In Kew Zealand no red clover seed could
be grown till after repeated attempts bumble bees were
carried over in a dormant condition in a refrigerator
and liberated. They are such a success that New Zea-
land people are able to do a large export trade in red
clover seed.

In reviewing the foregoing, think for a moment what
a work requires to be done by the little bees, and how
largely we are indebted to them for the delicious fruit
we enjoy.

Every gardener and every fruit grower should there-
fore keep bees with the primary object of insuring
cross-fertilization, looking to the honey yield as a sec-
ondary consideration, for while the bees gather nectar for
themselves they confer a far greater boon on mankind In-
giving magnificent crops in return.

I hope I have been able to direct the readers of the
Chronicle to observe some of the smaller items in the
animal and vegetable creation. For to attain success
we must drink at the well of nature and work in con-
junction with those natural laws that govern everv-
thing.

Sweet Pea Novelties

for Season 1913

AFTERGLOW. Magnificent violet red-
dish manve.
ANGLIAN PINK. A beautiftil salmon

pink.
BLL'E BELLE. Handsome purplish

mauve.
CHARLES FOSTER. A delicate blush-
pink, flushed v\^ith lavender.
CORONATION. A beautiful apricot

shade, flushed pink, with pink wings.
DISTINCTION. Large creamy white

with pink Picotee edge.
ELFRIDA PEARSON. Fine pink, fringed

with salmon.
HELEN GROSVENOR. Rich deep

orange, splendid.
HERCULES. Beautiful soft pink, very

fine.
LOYALTY. Splendid white, flaked

violet.
PRINCESS ^lARY. Peacock blue wings,

slightly mauve on the standard.
RED CHIEF. A very rich reddish

maroon, beautifully waved, fine form.
^lARGARET MADISON. A magnificent,

fine, clear, azure blue self.

Illustrated Descriptive Catalogue Mailed
FREE on application.

BURNETT BROS.

SEEDSMEN
72 Cortlandt Street NEW YORK

Phone. 2223 Cortlandt

Dutch Tuberous Begonia Growers

By Chas.

This is the time of the year when the growers in
Holland are preparing to start their new crop of tuber-
ous Begonias. I will relate as briefly as possible their
way of cultivating the same for the English and Amer-
ican markets.

The houses used for starting tuberous Begonias are
ordinary propagating houses 11 x 80, sunk 2 feet in the
ground ; a bench on each side and a path in the middle.
( )n the benches are removable tiles co\'ered with ashes.
Part of- the benches facing N.E.-S.W. are so arranged
as tp have extra sashes coming down on the benches
and form a kind of sweat-box and it is in tliere that
the most important part of the work is done ; .that is,
germinating the very fine small seed.

Every grower of tuberous Begpiilas has his own
seed saved from his best and mb§t' perfect flowers
which he keeps and pollenizes in a special house \yhere
also the hybridizing is done and which is always uijder
lock and key. '. ;, ^^•^■

As soon as the soil is prepared, which is three p^ft^'
leaf ijipuld, the rest loam and sand, mixed and screened
through a j4-iiich screen, it is brought in the pottirig
shed as wanted.

For sowing the seed, pans 12 x 18 inches are' used
only, and no wooden boxes. . These are scrupulously
cleaned and washed and if n'ew soaked over night in a
tub. Next, these pans are filled three-quarters vwith the
prepared soil and the seed scattered very evenly and
thin and pressed _down : then they get what we call a
bath ; that is, the pans are placed in a specially prepared
wooden tray ubout three inches high and big enough to
place 10 pans at once, and allowed to soak for half an
hour.

After they are labeled they are placed on the bench
provided with the extra sashes, with the latter closed.
The house is then kept at 60°. Twice or three times a
day these covers are lifted and the assembled moisture
and heavy drops on the underside of the sashes are
wiped off with a sponge to prevent dripping in the
pans. jMuch care is taken with the watering, and as
soon as the cotyledons appear the seedlings are syringed
twice daily with a small compressed-air syringe which
holds about half a gallon.

As soon as a pan seems to become dry it is tested by
knocking your knuckles against the side of the pan,
and if found dry is lifted from the bench and given a
bath. Every seed pan is treated separately and no
wholesale watering is allowed, as with a little too
much water the seedlings damp off. Gradually as the
seedlings grow they are hardened off by giving more
and more air, till at last the sashes are taken oft' alto-
gether, and by that time they are ready to be trans-
planted.

F"or that purpose we engage a bunch of boys and
girls, those who have done the work before preferred,
and the work room resembles a school room. I re-
member one February day when we had 30. and quite
a merry company we were. Long benches and tables
are put in the work room and each has a seed pan with
seedlings and a pan with soil before him. To encour-
age ambition among the young workers a quarter as a
premium is given, every day to the one who trans-
plants best and most boxes, besides their regular
wages. Several men are continually engaged in label-
ing and taking the transplanted pans away and supply-
ing other pans. The newly transplanted pans arc i)Ut

Schrall.

in a sweat-box again with covers down for a day or
two and shaded with newspaper.

As soon as the transplanted seedlings have devel-
oped three to four characteristic leaves they are shifted
from the house into hotbeds where they are again
transplanted right in the bed 2 inches apart, which is
about the middle of April. Now, also in these frames
are planted such small bulbs from last year's crop
which were too small to sell. From now on the water-
ing is done more freely and in a more general way.
Still we make such distinction as to water the dry
places first .and then water the whole frame, so the dry
places ar/2 watered twice.

By the middle of June the plants in the frame will
be about 5 to §. inches high, according to variety, and
will have developed, a little bulb the size of a 10-cent
piece, and now they are shifted to their final destina-
tion — ^the Polder.

The plants are now gently lifted from the frames
and put in big wooden trays, and especial care is taken
not to mix the different varieties. The boxes with the
plants are then put in the wagon and taken to the
Polder. We all know what kind of soil the Polder
land is.

The land, which has been carefully prepared, spaded
(never forked), manured (cow manure only), leveled
and divided into beds 6 x 12 feet, is now ready to re-
ceive the plants. All hands are now engaged in trans-
planting and watering, and as a rule one acre is planted.
out in a day. The plants stand 6 inches apart, and
again great care is taken in labeling the beds with all
the different varieties and colors, and it is very sel-
dom that a mistake is made ; but if doubt arises as to
the certainty of one or the other variety, no chances ar-e
taken and the bed is labeled "Mixture." After several
good waterings, the fields are kept absolutely clean from'
weeds and are cultivated with a hand hoe. Once in two.
weeks a dressing of liquid cow manure is given, as this
is the time that they have to make their final growth.

The plants are now left to develop as long as the
weather permits, but never longer than the first week
in October. Then they are lifted and taken home^
where they are cut, dried and sorted according to size,
in four sizes. The top size, or mother bulb, the grower
never sells except on rare occasions, and then (july to
his best customers in limited quantity at a high price^
and only for exposition purposes. The mother bulb is •
his next year's supply of seed. The rest is sold ac- '
cording to size and variety, mostly to England and this
country.

Competent Gardeners

^ The comforts and products of a country home ore
increased by employing a competent gardener ; it you
want to engage one, write to us.

q Please give particulars regarding place and say
whether married or single man is wanted. We have
been supplying them lor years to the best people
everywhere. No fee asked.

PETER HENDERSON & CO.

Seedsmen and Florists
33 and 37 Cortland! St. NEW YORK CITY

Camera Snapshots

By W. H. Waite.

No. 7. Arabis Alpina FL. PL. — This is a double form
of the common rock cress, and is fast becoming a popular
plant. It will thrive in almost any soil, in open positions,
and soon makes a large spreading clump, and in the early
spring is literally covered with sheets of its snowy
flowers. The flowers are Cjuite double and much re-
semble, a double stock in appearance. It is easily in-
creased from cuttings, and is especially suitable for the
rookery or spring garden, it may also be used for flower-
ing indoors where a variety of plants are required.

No. 8. Primula Stcllata. — This comparatively new
type of winter flowering Primrose is fast becoming a
■ great favorite, and deservedly so. It has a light and
graceful appearance, and many charming combinations,
and decorations may be made with it, the flowers may
also be used cut, and have good lasting qualities.

No. 9. Primula Chincnsis. — This old favorite hardly
needs a description, yet it is seldom out of an exhibition
that we see such a good example as the one illustrated :
note the size of the truss and substance of the flowers.

In growing this class of plants it pays to get the very
best strain possible, and it is on the good strain of such
flowers that seedsmen build up a reputation ; of course,
culture has quite a little to do with it, yet no matter how
good or careful the grower is he will never make a weedy
type into a high class specimen, therefore in purchasing
our seed it behooves us to have no partiality for one firm,
but buy the very best.

AU.MSIS .ALPIN'.'X."

rRIMUL.\ "CHIXEXSIS."

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

309

HERE, THERE AND EVERYWHERE

CHRISTMAS Every land has its peculiar

custom of celebratuig Lnrist-
mas; the festivities in some
POTTING SHED. countries consisting entirely
of a general merry-making and feasting, while others
adhere to strictly religious ceremonies. But all tend
to bring cheer and gladness to the hearts of their peo-
ple.

One of the most unique events associated with the
Yuletide ever attended by the writer, occurred this
year in one of the New Jersey towns. Gathered in a
potting shed of one of the large commercial florists' es-
tablishments, some 150 folk, men, women and children,
joined together to celebrate a community Sunday
school festival. There was no one creed represented,
but all denominations, with employers found rubbing el-
bows with employees, and the children of the gentry
mixing with those of the more humble in joyous fes-
tivity.

It was truly an evening for reflection. Arranged in
a corner of the shed was the old fireplace and its red-
brick chimney, grandmother's chair, lighted Christ-
mas tree, and other settings, carrying our memories
back to earlier days, from which we were occasionally
aroused by the rounds of the watchman, entering from
a house into the potting shed to quickly disappear
again through the door of another house. The whole
atmosphere of our surroundings brought to us the
realization of the brotherhood of man, and that before
God all are equal.

Affairs like these should be encouraged and indulged
in, whenever the occasion arises. They need not be
confined to a Christmas in a potting shed, for any cele-
bration where all can mingle will cement a closer
friendship among the people of a community, of which
more is needed in most places. Such events serve to
produce better citizens and better communities.

"An acre of ground and a
LITTLE living" is not a joke in

LANDERS. Southern California, and the

management of the Panama-
California Exposition at San Diego in 1915 proposes
to prove it to the satisfaction of every "Missourian" or
other doubting Thomas. One of the unique and in-
teresting places of the exposition will be that section
devoted to the "Little Landers."

A tract has been set aside for this demonstration.
There the visitor will find "farms" of one, two and
three acres in extent, each with its home, its dependent
family, and these families living there just as thousands of
small home owners in this State are living, with no
other source of income than from the tiny ])atch of
land. Though residing in the heart of the exposition
grounds, they will be as entirely dependent upon the
resources of these little tracts as are the many families
in the State having no other resources than their in-
significant land holdings.

Such "Little Landers" are found all over California.
They constitute the business backbone of manv com-
munities. It is a part of the business of the San Diego
exposition to show what man can do when he applies
brain and sinew to natural resources, not only in Cali-
fornia, but anywhere in the United States and other
countries where humanity is making progress.

"The American farmer has
WORN-OUT swept across the continent,

LAND. leaving abandoned farms and

worn-out fields in his wake,
until now we have come to the point where all our ara-
ble land has been occupied, and we can no longer wear
it out and abandon it. We must not only maintain
ourselves on the land we have, we must maintain a
population that will soon be double and treble what it
now is.

"Where should we look for information if not to
the countries of an equal degree of civilization that are
much older than our own and have a much greater
population in proportion to their area? Here in Europe
are farm lands that have been in cultivation for a thousand
years and are producing larger crops than our fertile
virgin soils and no one ever thinks of these farms wear-
ing out. On the other hand, they become more valua-
ble and more productive year by year. It is a notable
fact that has been repeated over and over to the Ameri-
can farmer, that the average production per acre of the
European countries, particularly England, France and
Germany, is over twice the average production of the
same crops in the L'nited States. Wherein lies the dif-
ference? It is not because European lands are natural-
ly more fertile than American, but because they are
farmed more intensively. The land is better prepared
for the seed, plowed deeper, worked more before seed-
ing, and as far as possible the lands that are to be
planted in the spring are plowed in the fall and allowed
to weather during the winter, a system that deserves
to be greatly extended on American farms." — Farms.

IS SAWDUST There seems to be a wide-

TMTTTPrnTTt; TM spread prejudice against

INJURIOUS IN sawdust or, at any rate, con-

HORTICULTURE? tempt for it when used as a
manure. American gardeners are like English ones in
this respect, it seems, and so three years ago they
started experiments to try to justify their point of
view. These have been continued for three j'.ears on
a large scale on greenhouse plants chosen for the pur-
pose. Perhaps this was because they are more deli-
cate than outdoor plants, or because conditions could
be better controlled. Anyhow, the results were some-
what extraordinary, and do away with any ground for
suspicion, it would seem, against this cleanly material.
It cannot be denied, however, that sawdust is nearly
useless as a source of plant food, and therefore it is
matter for surprise that when an average was struck
for the three years, sawdust actually came out top and
gave slightly more blooms than the other litter which
was tested against it. This was straw or chopped
maize stalks, superior stuff as regards plant food, sure-
1}', to sawdust. Cow manure was chosen in each case,
and was used by itself as a further source of compari-
son without any litter at all. Roses, Chrysanthemums,
Sweet Peas and Carnations, manure-loving plants, were
the ones chosen, and we learn that no harmful effect at
all could be traced to the use of sawdust. Pyroligneous
acid tuay he of use in this way. It could not have
contributed even to the humus of the ground in the
same way as the other litter, for it did not decay be-
fore use, and possibly it was this comparative absence
of fermentation that effected the results mentioned.
— The Garden.

310

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Photografh ftirn

Metropolilan Building, ' Ncti

Should Greenhouses Be Treated
Architecturally :

RIGHT away I hear a chorus of "No's"
from you hard-headed, common-sensed
gardeners. Still the chorus does not pre-
vent me from claiming that greenhouses
can be successfully treated architecturally.

You know our grandads said: "Rail-
roads were a beastly nuisance — they
.scared horses — made an awful racket,
and kicked up no end of dust." The
present day. wide-awake gardener, how-
ever, docs not belong to the grandad
class. He is open minded. .'\ny preju-
dice he may have against architecturally
treated greenhouses is, of course, based
on the dismal failures. Most of such
houses have proven as growing houses.

For example, we all remember the $70,-
000 glass house built for one of the Van-
dcrbilts, in which even the palms died.

The failure of the highly ornamental
houses have, without question, been due
to a former lack of co-operation between
architects and builders. That it can be

successfully done is evidenced by these
■ views of Mr. Brewster's range at New
Haven, Conn.

The north side of the three-quarter
span house faces the residence, which is
but a stone's throw away.

To relieve the glaring, unbroken line of
this house, there was introduced an orna-
mental central entrance, flanked at inter-
vals by columns.

The workroom is in harmony, and re-
flects the treatment of the residence itself;
being built of the same kind of stone.

Here, then, is a consistent architectural
treatment. But little of the eflficiency of
the three-quarter span house is sacriliced.
while the even span wing is left free, so
the plants may revel in the unrestrained
light and sunshine.

H you still do not agree with me, win-
not "start something" by sending your
reasons to the Editor for publication? It
may stir up a highly interesting discussion.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

311

312

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

House plants, with proper
HOUSE PLANTS attention and atmosphere,

AND HUMIDITY should thrive in the winter
time, but how few people
succeed with them. Perhaps you have tried to grow
them and have had your disappointments despite your
best efforts and attention. Perhaps you put the blame
on the furnace, presuming that the gas killed them, as
it surely would, but it really was not gas, but lack of
humidity which caused your faiUire.

The active root-hairs of a plant are really aquatic
and must always be in contact with an adequate sup-
ply of water. The stems and leaves are aerial, but
their behavior and form are largely determined by the
water in the air, that is, the humidity. The water sup-
ply is used by the root-hairs, while the water-loss is
the result of evaporation from the surface of the leaves.
The humidity of the air exerts a direct control upon
the amount of water evaporated by the leaves, and it
is evident that the evaporation will be great where the
air is dry. If this evaporation or water-loss is greater
than the supply, curling, drooping, and withering of
the leaves ensues.

Even when you water the plants faithfully, the ex-
cessively dry atmosphere of the house is apt to over-
work them by drawing up the moisture through the
stems and leaves, for dry heated air will take up what
moisture it requires from every possible source.

When vou consider that the humidity outdoors on a
bright summer day is about 70 per cent, you will ap-
preciate what an unnaturally dry atmosphere we have
in our homes in winter, where, if any water is evapo-
rated at all, it will be but a few quarts at most, with a
resultant humidity of perhaps 18 to 25 per cent.

By all means, both for your own good as well as
that' of your plants, evaporate water freely by keeping
a pot or kettle steaming on the heater, or pans on the
registers. — Exchange.

One of the big problems
VALUE OF that confront this country

WASTED SEWAGE. >s the maintenance of soil
fertility, says H. L. Bradley
of the University of Wisconsin in Farm and Fireside.
We cannot hope' to go on forever taking oiT crops from
the land and turning the sewage which those crops
yield into the ocean. The phosphates, sulphates and
potassium must eventually disappear from soils which
are steadily cropped, and unless the deficiency is made
up the crops themselves will cease to grow. At pres-
ent we make up this deficiency by stable manure and
artificial fertilizers; but no one can deny that this par-
tial return to the soil of its essential constituents is but
putting ofif the day of reckoning to a future generation.
The onlv permanent plan for preserving soil fertility
in this or any other country is to return to the land
everything essential to plant growth which the crops
themselves remove. And the only way to accomplish
this is to return sewage to the soil, for human sewage
is the final form to which all edible crops are brought.
The ninety millions population of this country every
year eliminate 90.000 tons of phosphoric acid, 90,000
tons of sulphuric acid, 90,000 to 135,000 tons of potash,
9,000 tons of magnesia, 900.000 tons of organic mate-
rial, of which about 300,000 tons is valuable nitrogen
in its most available form for plant-food. Of this total
approximatelv 300.000 tons mineral and 900,000 tons
organic material, a small part, is returned to the land
by cesspools and similar devices for disposal, but the
\'ast bulk of it is poured directly or indirectly through
our rivers into the sea which we can never regain.

It is unwise to plant any-
LOOSE thing in loose ground, as the

GROUND. rcjots cannot grasp the soil

unless the latter has been
pressed close to them. If it is necessary to plant any-
thing when the soil is too wet to give the necessary
firmness, a good treading, or, if necessary, ramming,
should be given when the surface becomes dryer. It is
necessary to study the character of the soil. I do not
recommend heavy soil to be trampled when wet as it
becomes unhealthy for the roots to work in, and when
dried out it crock's and parts with its moisture.

This is certainly a relative
THE QUESTION question. It is' dependent
OF HARDINESS. largely upon the factor of
climatic environment, and in
discussing whether plants are hardy or tender in a
given locality, one must keep the factor of environ-
ment constantly in mind. Otherwise such vagaries
and inconsistencies of behavior are to be noted as
would appear entirely unexplainable. Hardiness is in-
herently perfect adaptation of a plant to its surround-
ings. A plant may be satisfactorily hardy in a region
where a temperature of minus 20 degs. is frequently regis-
tered, while it may winterkill in another locality where
the temperature does not fall below zero. For ex-
ample, our attention has recently been called to the
fact that American white ash, Carolina poplar, and the
vigorous Norway maple suflfered from winterkilling
on Nantucket Island where the minimum temperature
fell little, if any, below zero during the past winter.
Yet these trees lost a considerable proportion of their
terminal shoots. Now, this imperfect ripening was in turn
to be charged to peculiarities of the season. The long,
warm, and relatively moist autumn encouraged late
growth, and the imperfect storing of the buds and
wood tissue with reserve food material.

It has long been noted that some of the liardy New
England trees and shrubs, when transplanted to the
British Isles, winterkill in the relatively moist and mild
climate of England. For the opposite reason, many
English plants fail when brought to this country, for
the reason that they are products of a long growing
season, and that when brought to this region they con-
tinue growing until stopped by frost. The result is
the same, namely, in the production when winter
comes round of imperfectly ripened wood, or in other
words, imperfectly stored cell tissue.

It is worthy of note also that some plants possess
that character which we recognize as determinate
growers. In other words, they have a definite period
of growth and ripen up their wood at the end of that
period, and are uninfluenced by conditions favorable to
growth or otherwise which may follow this season.
An excellent example of this is found in the box elder
of the American Northwest. It grows with great
rapidity during the early part of the season, ceases
growth earlv. forms its terminal buds, drops its leaves,
and prepares for winter at an exceptionally early period.
The Duchess apple, the product of a region of short
summer heat, is another example of the same type.
The gooseberry and currant, cold-blooded plants from
the North, also furnish examples which illustrate this
point. These plants then are the products of definite
climatic conditions and are developed b}' a long pro-
cess of natural selection. The whole question then, or
at least a large portion of this question of hardiness,
comes back to the principle originally announced,
namelv, that of adaptation. — National Nurseryman.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

313

THE

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA.

MARTIN C. EBEL, Managing Editor,

Madison, N. J.

Published by

CHRONICLE PRESS

M. E. RLWNARD, President. A. A. FAY, Sec'y.

1 MONTGOMERY STREET, JERSEY CITY, X. J.
New York Office

236 WILLIAM STREET, NEW YORK CITY.

Subscription Price, 12 Monthi, $1.00

Foreign, $1.50

Single Copies, 10 Cent

Entered as seco
Jersey City. N. J.,

class matter February 1-8, 1905, at the Post Office at
nder .Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.

Published on the 15th of each month.

Advertising forms close on the 10th preceding publication.
For information regarding advertising rates, etc., addres
Department, Gardeners' Chronicle, Madison, N. J.

.Advertising

ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

President, Vice-President,

WM. H. W.-MTE, A. J. SMITH,

Yonkers, N. Y. Lake Geneva, Wis.

Secretary, M.'\RTIN C. EBEL, Madis

Treasurer,
JAMES STUART,
Mamaroneck, N. Y.

N. J.

TRUSTEES FOR 1913.
Peter Duff. Orange. N. T.; William Kleinheinz, Ogontz, Pa.; William
Duckham. Madison, .N. J.; .\le.xander .MacKenzie, Glen Cove, N. Y. ; John 11.

Dodds, Wyncote. Pa.

DIRECTORS.

To serve until 1914— Robert Angus, Tarrytown, N. Y. ; Robert Bottomlev,

New Canaan, Conn.: Carl Schaeffer, Tu.xedo Park, N. Y. ; E. Wetterlow,

West Manchester, Mass.: T. J. Kempton. Baychester, N. \'.; E. Trethewey,

Tarrytown, N. Y.; Alexander Fraser, Newport, R. I.

To serve until 1915— Tohn Shore. Harrison, N. Y.; Thomas Proctor,
Lenox, Mass.; William N. Craig, North Easton. Mass.; Frank E. Witney,
Fishkiil, N. Y.; Robert Williamson. Greenwich, Conn.; F. Kirk, Bar
Harbor, Me.: Tames Bell, New York, N. Y.

To serve until 1916 — Thomas W. Logan, Jenkintown, Pa.; Tohn F. Huss,
Hartford, Conn.; John W. Everett, Glen Cove, N. Y. ; .A? Bauer, Deal
Beach, N. J.: John W. Tones, Pittsburgh, Pa.; .Alexander McPherson,
Washington, D. C: Tames 'C. Shield, Monticello, III.

Vol. X\"III.

JANUARY, 1913.

No. 3.

As the time is again approaching for the setting of
dates for the fall shows, we suggest that the local so-
cieties around New York get together to arrange
a date schedule which will avoid having more than one
show in this vicinity opening on the same day. Such
an arrangement would create greater competition at
the various shows, would arouse greater interest —
would denote progress in floriculture.

When you have read your Chronicle, do not con-
sign it to the waste pile, but pass it along to an inter-
ested neighbor. Better still, commence with this issue
to file your Chronicle as a future reference guide,
sending us the name of your neighbor, and we will
send him a Chronicle.

Recent reports in some of the dailies have quoted
several of our prominent men and women who have
reached a good old age, as owing their long lives to
the onion. A prosperous year is predicted for this
vegetable, which is claimed to prolong life, fight oflf
disease germs, and purify everything e.xcejn the at-
mosphere in subway trains. Oh, if the onion lovers
who have acquired the "onion habit" could but see
some of the ])rize-\vinning varieties at the sliows, they
might even imagine that they have discovered the secret
to perpetual vigor of youth.

The head of a foundation for the advancement of
teaching, created by one of our multi-millionaires, was
recently quoted as saying that after fifty years' experi-
ence with agricultural colleges "there is now the op-
portunity to build an agricultural school which will
really minister to agriculture." The person to whom
this statement was attributed was invited to con-
tribute an article to these columns, on what he might
consider would meet the requirements of a school such
as he contemplates. His reply was that by study and
visits to agricultural colleges he is now trying to learn
the present situation in agricultural training, and
that he does not yet feel ready to write an article as
suggested. Then why, if only still learning what our
agricultural colleges are doing in the way of training,
and not yet qualified to speak as an authority, criti-
cize the present systems, which are accomplishing so
much good, until prepared to suggest remedial meas-
ures? Most of us realize that there is room for im-
provement in everything we undertake, and no one
can justly say that our agricultural colleges have not
been awake to this fact. There is no exception that in
all public institutions some laxity exists, but agricul-
ture has been wonderfully benefited by our colleges
during the past decade. But progress in our country-
is, and has for some time past, been greatly hindered
by too many theorists advocating imaginary needed
reforms, with too few of them sufficiently practical to
offer a solution of the problems they delight to con-
front us with.

In results of experiments made by a physician,
published in one of the medical journals, he blames the
earthworms for cancers and tumors which develop in
the human system, and advocates a wholesa'le massa-
cre of the creatures. He claims that the parasites of
the earthworms left in cabbages, celery, lettuce, etc., by
the worms, while feeding on these vegetables, find
their way into our stomachs and cause disease. We
are afraid, however, that the good doctor has over-
looked the fact that when the worms get through with
cabbages, carrots, etc., there is usually not enough left
of the plants to innoculate germs into anything.

When you want a favor done, don't ask the idle man,
but ask the busy man ; he will find time to do it, while
the idle man gets busy finding an excuse for not doing
it. '^ '

THE TWO SEEKERS.

Into the Garden Life was tending

Two eager pilgrims came.
One with eyes and manner gentle.

One with glance and lips of flame.
Said he of the flaming glances:

"Seek I for a Rose, O Life,
The Rose of Love for my adorning!

Give ! or I shall seek with strife !"
Cold the voice of Life made answer:

"Love I give to all who ask.
Take the Rose, yet would I warn thee —

Love shall perish in your grasp I"
To the one of gentle spirit

Life a Rose no fairer gave.
Saying, "Take and be ye cheerful —

"This shall bloom on earth's last grave !"
Outward from the Garden hasting.

Each went on his further way :
One to find his rose was dying.

The other, blooming bright each day !

—A. W. Peach.

314

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

ASSOCIATION NOTES

M. C. EBEL, Secretary, MADISON, N. J.

PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE.

At the outset I wish to convey my thanks to my
fellow members of the N. A. G. for the honor you
conferred upon me.

In accepting the Presidency of the N. A. G. I wish to
publicly acknowledge the indebtedness of the associa-
tion to the past presidents ; these men with their sound
judgment and wide knowledge of horticulture, have in-
deed been pioneers in the cause which has put the X.
A. G. on a firm and sure foundation.

In becoming your President I only hope that I shall
be able to build up the association still firmer and
surer and I pledge myself to do all that I possibly can
for the further advancement of the N. A. G. and horti-
culture, but this is not one man's task, nor yet that of
the officers alone, but I appeal to every one of you as
members to make this year of 1913 a banner year! If
each one of you will make a New Year's resolution to
get at least one new member, not a difficult task, then
you will feel that at least you are doing a share.

The year that has passed has been a good one for
horticulture and for the N. A. G. ; but the year we have
just entered upon should be a red-letter year.

This year, as you all know, there is to be held the
great national flower show, and never before in the
historj- of horticulture in America has there been such
inducements made for the private gardener to assert him-
self. We are invited to co-operate and make this show
one great success.

That every one of you will come and support the

national show to the best of your abilit}', and thus by

your so doing give greater prestige and power to the

National Association of Gardeners, is my earnest

wish. ,,, „ ,,.

W. H. W.MTi:.

The first meeting of the year of the association's
trustees and directors was held at the Murray Hill Hotel,
New York City, on Wednesday afternoon, January 8,
President Waite in the chair.

Routine business disposed of, the advisability of the
association maintaining a department along the lines of
those of horticultural societies abroad, to which the
gardener may look for opportunity for advancement,
came up for discussion. This elicited the opinion of those
present, that while the subject presented many problems
necessitating time and patience to develop, that it was,
however, the duty of the organization representative of
the National Association to make an effort to build up
such a department within itself, and to establish a reputa-
tion for it, so that when an application is passed on, the
applicant can be regarded worthy of consideration on the
part of those requiring his services. The secretary was
empowered to take the necessary steps to bring about the
establishment of a department such as was suggested.

On a motion by ex-President Logan it was decided that
the association award a medal for any new variety of
flowers, plants, vegetables, or fruits, originated by a
gardener, a member of the National Association of
Gardeners, and to he passed as meritorious by a com-
mittee of judges ; such committee to be a])pointed annually
by the president. Mr. \\'aite appointed \A'illiam Klein-
heinz, Peter Duff" and Jaim-; Siu.ut to serve as a com-
mittee for 1*'13.

The forthcoming International Flower Show, to be held
in New York City, next came up for discussion and it
was decided to hold a national gardeners and florists
bowling tournament at the time of the show, and to invite
the members of the Society of American Florists to unite
in this tournament which will be open to three men teams,
members of any local gardeners' or florists' club, and
members either of the National Association of Gardeners
or the Society of American Florists, and to individuals,
members of either of these national associations. An
appropriation was voted to secure Thum's alleys, famous
for many national bowling events ; and to offer two
national association cups, one for the team making the
highest score, and one for the individual making the
highest score at the tournament. Cups were also donated
by President Waite, ex-President Logan, and Secretary
Ebel. A committee consisting of John Dodds, John W.
Everett, A. Bauer, J. Stuart and William Robertson was
appointed with power to make all arrangements. The
consideration of choosing a hotel as headquarters of the
National Association of Gardeners was entrusted to the
trustees, with power to act.

Mr. Ortiz, one of the association's new members,
superintendent of the Pratt estate. Glen Cove, N. Y.. and
vice-president of the Farmers' Congress of New York
State, was introduced, and addressed the meeting on the
close relation of agriculture and horticulture, stating that
it was his opinion that the men who serve as superin-
tendents on private estates of the future will be expected
to be informed on every detail that goes to make up a
complete estate. He urged the gardeners to co-operate
with the farmers to influence a more liberal appropriation
of the millions expended annually by the nation and
states to the purpose of educational work in agriculture
and horticulture. A meeting of the Farmers' Congress of
New York is to be held in New York City very shortly
and Mr. Ortiz invites all gardeners that can do so to
attend the meeting and have a voice in its action.

The directors decided to hold the next meeting in New
York during National Show week, to which meeting an
invitation will be extended to all members of the associa-
tion to attend. An adjournment followed.

In pursuance with the by-laws the following directors
have been appointed by President Waite :

To serve for three years : Thomas W. Logan, Jenkin-
town. Pa. ; John E. Huss, Hartford, Conn. ; John W.
Everett, Glen Cove. N. Y. ; A. Bauer, Deal Beach, N. J. ;
John W. Jones, Pittsburgh, Pa. ; Alexander ]\IcPherson,
Washington. D. C. ; James C. Shield, Monticello, 111.

To serve for two years : To fill the unexpired term of
Peter Duff, elected trustee, James Bell. New York, N. Y. ;
to fill the unexpired term of Alexander AlacKenzie, el-
ected trustee, Robert Williamson, Green\yich, Conn. : to
fill the unexpired term of William Kleinheinz, elected
trustee. Frank E. Witney, Fishkill. N. Y. ; to fill the un-
expired term of James Stuart, elected treasurer. F. Kirk,
Bar Harbor. Me.

To serve for one year: To fill the unexpired term of
John Dodds, elected trustee. .Alexander Eraser, New-
port. R. I.

The following new members have been enrolled during
the past month : J. Otto Thilow. Phibdelphia. Pa. ;
Richard Rothe. Philadelphia. Pa. : Charles Schrall. New
Rochelle, N. Y. ; J. F. Slimon. New York. N. Y. : B. L.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

315

Chadwick, New York, X. Y. ; Robert Draper, Devon,
Pa. ; John H. Cahill, Locust, N. J. ; William Lund,
Cazenovia, N. Y. ; Vernon Osterhondt, Tuxedo Park,
N. Y. ; William B. Scott, Central \'alley, N. Y. ; George
B. Anderson, Garrison, N. Y. ; William Warner Harper,
Philadelphia, Pa. ; B. Hammond Tracy, Wenham, Mass. ;
Arthur Smith, Reading, Pa. ; Austin F. Faulkner, New
York, X. Y. ; R. L. Cushman, Yonkers, X. Y. : Louis
Milliot, Yonkers, X''. Y. John B. Thompson, Millbrook,
N. Y. ; Wm. Turner, Oceanic, X^. J.

Mr. C. H. Totty, chairman of the International Flower
Show Committee, announces that the final schedule of
the International Flower Show is now in the hands of
the printer. Since the copy has been given to the printer,
other special prizes have been received and undoubtedly
a supplmentary list will have to be issued a little later ;
so if any members care to contribute a special prize for
this show, Mr. Totty will be pleased to have them notify
him as soon as possible. Special classes not provided for
in the regular sdiedule, including miniature garden plans,
will be considered in making up the supplementary
schedule.

Y'our secretary will formulate a plan to carry out the
wishes of the executive board of the association to con-
duct a department to provide a means for the gardener,
where he may seek opportunity to improve himself.
Details will be fully discussed in the next issue of the
Chroncle. In the meanwhile, he would be glad to
receive any suggestions from gardeners who may be in-
formed on the principles on which such departments are
conducted by several horticultural societies on the other
side.

EARLY SEEDS

Are ready now

Try our Tomato, Coronation

Carrot, French Scarlet Short Horn
Celery, French Golden Self

Blanching
Lettuce, Heart of New York
Onion, Ailsa Craig

SPIREAS for FORCING

Queen Alexandra and Gladstone

I^xtra large clumps

INC.

Kennedy 6 Hunter

ANDREW R. KENNEDY, Pres. and Treas.

156 West 34th Street New York

AMONG THE GARDENERS

Messrs. Logan, Kleinheinz, Dodds and Batchelor
stopped off on their way from Philadelphia to the as-
sociation's meeting in New York, to visit several friends
in Madison, N. J. On arrival they found an auto at their
disposal, making several calls on neighboring estates on
a two hours' visit to the town.

Mr. John Huss, of Hartford, Conn., came to New
York to attend the meeting, and spoke of the enthusiasm
among many of the gardeners in his territory over the
progress which the National Association has made within
the year. Mr. Huss is himself a great enthusiast over the
work that local societies can do to arouse interest in
floriculture and horticulture. He says that the results
of the Connecticut Horticultural Society's campaign the
last few vears are manifested all round Hartford.

^Messrs. John W. Everett, Ale.x. McKenzie and Lester
E. Ortiz, of Glen Cove, represented Long Island at the
directors' meeting. Messrs. Everett and Ortiz then
journeyed to Tarrytown to be on deck when the "first
gun" of the annual horticultural dinners was fired. Presi-
dent ^^'aite, Secretary Ebel and William Tricker followed
later.

~\lr. Peter Dufl^ and Messrs. A. Bauer, George ^lasson
and Charles C. De Wilde represented New Jersey at the
directors' meeting.

Mr. Alfred Millard, superintendent of the George W.
Perkins' estate at Riverdale, N. Y., now occupies the
home which i\Ir. Perkins erected for him this summer.
With the contemplated improvements on this estate it
will undoubtedly become one of the finest show places of
its size in the vicinity of New York when the work is
completed.

Mr. R. L. Cushman, who has just joined the National
Association of Gardeners, is superintendent of the W. B.
Thompson estate at Yonkers, N. Y. It is intimated that
the near approach of the liig show is producing consider-
able activity on his place, and some fine exhibits may be
looked for.

That gardeners are nuich interested in bowling has be-
come quite evident since the national tournament has
been suggested. Much practice work is now on, and it is
claimed that a gardener, presiding over one of the
country clubs, now sleeps on one of the alleys in training
for the tournament. Several local societies are organiz-
insj bowling clubs.

Mr. James C. Shield, of Monticello. 111., one of the
newly elected directors of the association, writes that he
expects to come East during the "Flower Show week" in
New York, to meet fellow members.

A visit to some of the private estates in the east-
ern states shows increasing interest on the part of
the gardeners towards the International Show to be held
in New York. With what the gardeners are doing in the
vicinity of that city it indicates that the private growers
will be an important factor so far as exhibits will go.

316

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Mr. H. J. Smith, superintendent to R. R. Conklin,
Rosemary Farm, Huntington, N. Y., sails for a month's
vacation to England on the 25th. This is Mr. Smith's
first visit to his home country in twentv-two years.

Mr. Robert Bottomley, of New Canaan, Conn., is visit-
ing the nursery firms inspecting stock in contemplation
of an active spring on his estate.

The many friends of Mr. Jas. Bell will be grieved to
learn that he again is in the hospital undergoing an opera-
tion. At this writing physicians advise he is resting easily
with chances favorable for recovery.

Mr. Arthur Smith, who has just joined the association,
is superintendent of the George B. Horst estate, at
Reading, Pa. We are publishing a short article from Mr.
Smith in these columns and ne.xt month's issue will con-
tain an interesting article on the "Principles and Practices
of Pruning" by Mr. Smith.

Mr. John Canning, of the Adolph Lewisohn estate,
"Heather Dell Farm," Ardsley, N. Y., sails on February 5
on the .S". .S". Lnsitania for a short vacation in "good old
Scotland." He will return in time to be heard from at the
International Flower Show.

Another of the eastern gardeners to "go West" is Mr.
Donald McNaughton, formerly of Alassachusetts. He
now presides over the estate of E. S. Moore, Lake Forest.
111., as superintendent.

G. A. Sellenthin has recently accepted the position as
gardener on the estate of Mrs. jMarcus Daly, Hamilton,
Mont., going there from La Crosse, Wis.

Mr. Chas. H. Knight has resigned his position as
superintendent of the Carraington estate at North
Greenwich, Conn. The position is now occupied by
Mr. C. W. Guernsey, formerly of Cornell LTniversitv.

QUERIES and ANSWERS

We believe the greatest good can be accomplished for the greatest
lumber, by instituting a query column; or an exchange of expe-
'iences, on practical propositions, by our readers.

You are minted to contribute questions, and answer others.

Each question as received will be giz'en a number, the question-
rr's name will not be published, but the source of the answer will
)e given unless otherwise requested.

We all have something we would like to know more about. Here
s your opportunity to ascertain somebody's experience in fust thati
natter.

Nothing mil tend to belter fellowship than helping each other.

Take advantage of this "Question Box."

The following question came in our query box, and
caused quite a lot of discussion: Which part of the
tree is the youngest, the center, or the part nearest the
bark? Maybe it will help us to hear from some of
your readers. A. A. F., Pa.

In answering the above query it is but necessary to
refer to any elementary book on Botany where the
structure of stems are explained.

In the olden time before the present classification of
plants was in vogue plants were divided into two great
classes, the Exogenous and the Endogenous, now
synonymous with Dicotyledones and Monocotyledones
and the dictionary gives as the meaning of an Exogen
a plant whose stems grow in thickness by successive
additions to the outside of the wood, and that of an
Endogen a plant whose stems increase by additions de-
veloped from the inside, so therefore we have plants
that are developed in both ways. The Monocotyle-

dones or Endogens, however, do not make timber — ex-
amples of this class are the Palms, Yuccas and Dracae-
nas, etc. ; all our broad-leaved trees and shrubs belong
to the first class, Dicotyledones. The principal part
of the stem is made up of bundles called the fibro
vascular bundles ; these bundles are made up of the
following : Xylem or wood. Phloem or bast, between
these two is a layer of tissue called the Cambium.

If a transverse section of a very young stem be made
and examined under a high-power microscope these
bundles will be seen to be arranged in a circle with
the Xylem nearest the center ; growth takes place from
the activity of the Cambium layer, adding to the
Xylem, or wood, to the outside and additions to the
bast on its inner side.

That the wood is formed on the outer side should
be apparent to everyone who has ever examined the
cross-section of a live tree or branch; there will be
seen the different kinds of wood, the heart wood and
the sap wood. The heart wood dry, hard, dead and
solid and good timber, whilst the sap wood looks new
and alive and taking part in the conveyance of the
sap. W. H'. W.. X. Y.

Regarding the discussion as to whether the center
of a tree or that nearest the bark is the younger wood, I
would say the center is the older wood, since we often
see a tree with its center almost decayed and yet the
tree, to all appearances, may be in good health, where-
as if the decay were to set in the bark the flow of sap
would cease and the tree would immediateh" die, as in
the case of the Chestnut disease.

Another proof would be that the center of an aged,
sound tree is always the harder wood.

\V. H. Mc.K., Conn.

Why must the shoots of cultivated plants be pruned ?
How does summer pruning dififer from winter prun-
ing?

To what extent does scion and stock mutually influence
one another in grafting? D. F., N. Y.

My bay trees are affected with some trouble which is
causing the leaves to turn red on the back, and curling
them up. \\'hat is this caused by, and what can I do for
them? ■ T. B., MASS.

Would anybody tell his experience with shredded
cow manure? Fresh cow manure is hard to get nowa-
days. Are the results with shredded cow manure
equal ? X^. Y.

I should like to get some advice as to what crop will
make the est sod for growing roses. Can you get any
information for me? T. M. C, Mass.

ORCHIDS

We are specialists in this kind of plants. We
collect, import and grow orchids from ail parts of
the world where orchids grow.

We will be glad to fill your order for one plant
or a thousand ■ccording to your requirements.

Our beauliful Catalogue and special list? on
application.

LAGER & HURRELL

Orchid-Growers and Importers

SUMMIT, N. J.

The Manuring of Forest Trees

By Arthur Smith.

During the past quarter of a century the question of
manuring- forest trees has been given considerable at-
tention in Europe, and. among other experiments, that
of using sewage effluent has been tried.

Near Berlin irrigating a forest of trees having con-
siderable size by a monthly application of sewage
water during two growing seasons was a decided fail-
ure and it caused the death of many of the trees. A
similar irrigation at Gerlitz gave better results. In
this case, however, the growth was considerably
younger. The city of Berlin has obtained encouraging
results by top dressing the soil of coniferous woods
with city refuse.

In view of the long period between the planting and
the cutting of a forest the direct application of manure
in any form is not Hkely in a general way to prove re-
munerative. At the same time the question of helping
along a plantation of young trees, especially conifers,
is worth considering and in the earlier stages in the life
of forest trees growing in poor soil the value of some
form of manuring may possibly become an acknowl-
edged fact in practical forestry.

For instance, on poor sandy soils where the nitro-
gen content is very small the problem of supplying
this necessary plant food in a slowly available form is
worthy of consideration. The idea of applying nitrates
or other con^mercial forms of nitrogenous fertilizers
may be put aside as impracticable both on account of
cost and because they are too rapid in action, besides
causing an excessive growth of weeds. Alaking use,
however, of atmospheric nitrogen by growing on the
land some form of the Leguminos?e appears to be feasi-
ble and worthy of trial. Upon some sandy soils in
Europe lupins have been used for this purpose and
good results are reported. Lupins would scarcely be
so suitable for this country, as some of the clovers,
such as the White Clover, Trifolium repens and Al-
syke, Trifolium hybridum. An ideal method would be
to plow in a crop of clover the season previous to
planting, then sow clover again and plant the trees
in the young clover. Failing, this clover could be
broadcasted over the ground in the spring. To obtain
a stand of clover upon the more sandy soils the ap-
plication of some form of iime would be obviously nec-
essary.

It is, of course, well known that the amount of min-
eral matter retained in lumber is comparatively small,
and, bv the fall of their leaves, trees during their

growth return to the soil the greater part of the min-
eral matter taken from it; this applies, however, more
to deciduous species than to conifers. But the main
point to be considered is that of giving young newly
planted trees a good start and helping them along dur-
ing the first few years of their life, when they have
the greatest struggle for existence. It is in this con-
nection that the value of giving the soil some previous
preparation upon the lines suggested above comes in —
of course, where it is practicable — as not only is plant
food added to the soil in a slowly available form, but,
what is of the greatest importance, the early growth
is accelerated, being measured b}- feet instead of
inches.

Another means which works to the same end and
which is more applicable to the heavier classes of soils
is that of keeping the ground in clean cultivation dur-
ing the first two or three years of the trees' growth.
During the past season the writer has kept about 8,000
two-year-old conifers under clean cultivation and an-
other block of 5,000 has only had the weeds out and
left lying. The soil of the latter is, if anything, better
than the former, but the growth of the block cultivated
has been more than double as much as that unculti-
vated. At the end of July, one more cultivation was
given and Crimson Clover sown at the same time.

Of course, it goes without saying that this more in-
tensive system of forestry is impossible everywhere
or upon a' large scale of forest planting involving many
thousands of acres of mountain land, and, at the best,
planting is generally done upon land that is more or
less uncultivatable. At the same time I believe that
new plantings should have generally more care given
to them than is usually the case, especially upon
private estates and farmers' wood lots. There are
manv situations where some methods of assisting
young trees to get a good start are practicable and
therefore desirable, and which would, I believe, be in
the long run profitable. The conditions connected
with the first few years of a tree's life have a tremen-
dous influence upon the subsequent results, both in the
period when it is fit to be turned into lumber and
money, and in the number of board feet which will be
produced in a given time.

If a comparatively small expenditure along the lines
suggested will accelerate the one and increase the
other in the same time, as I feel sure it would, then
surelv it is worth while.

Get MICHELUS CATALOG

before ynu place your annual order of seeds. It- l'"i pat^cs are devoted tn
exploiting the most up-to-date Flower, Vegetable and Grass Seeds, Bulbs,
Hardy Perennials, etc. Our stock of Gardeners' Sundries is the most com-
plete of any seed house in America. As we will appear monthly in the
"Chronicle,'"' let's get acquainted now. Write today for our complete catalog.

MICHELL'S SEED HOUSE

516 MARKET STREET

PHILADELPHIA

Vegetable Growin:

By Various Authorities.

LETTUCE GROWING.

In head lettuce two points are of great importance :
firmness of the head and blanching of the leaves. The
head must be large and the formation of the leaves
composing it as tight and hard as that of good cab-
bage. Next to the compactness of the head the leaves
forming the latter must be tender, crisp and well
blanched. The entire head should have a golden hue,
a sort of butter color, the ends uf the leaves tipped
with delicate pale green.

The seed for spring lettuce is sown in hotbeds or
greenhouses in February. The rows may be two or
three inches apart and the seed should be sown spar-
ingly to avoid crowding of the ^-oung plants. For
seedbeds two-thirds of good garden soil, finely pul-
verized, and one-third of fine well-rotted manure are
an ideal combination. If the plants appear over the
ground they should be thinned out to the strongest.
Frequent w-aterings, which keep the seedbed always
moist, are very essential. If the plants have formed
two good-sized leaves they may be transplanted into
the open in March, being set from 10 to 12 inches
apart each way.

Fine lettuce requires the richest kind of soil. Twen-
ty tons of well-rotted manure to the acre are enough,
but more is better. The beds are made on a slight ele-
vation ; the manure should be well worked into the
soil and must be fine, well pulverized and moist be-
fore the plants are set out. The beds should be con-
stantly worked and kept free of weeds, and if the rain-
fall is not sufficient they should be watered. Lettuce
to grow fast needs water and plenty of it.

Next in importance and far supreior to the cabbage
varieties are the Cos lettuces, commercially known as
'"romaine." They are distinguished from the cabbage
varieties by the shape of their leaves, which are elongated
and almost always spoon-shaped ; the midrib is unusuallv
large and if well blanched forms a tender and thick
chard. They are grown the same way as common
lettuce, but as they do not form naturally a firm and
compact head the leaves have to be tied together in
order to blanch the inner ones. This is done about
three weeks before the heads are fully matured. Care
should be taken not to tie too tightly, for allowance
for three weeks' more growth must be made.

Romaine lettuces are of oblong form and therefore
do not require so much room as head lettuce; this
makes them especially valuable for forcing under glass.
They can be set out six inches apart and will make
good growth at that distance.

They are grown outdoors in the spring and fall.
The best sort for spring planting is the Paris White
Cos. This variety forms a long, tall head rounded on
top. The leaves forming the head are folded and of
a pale green color, with large white midribs. They
need a very rich soil and plenty of water. If grown
well they attain a very large size.

For fall planting Green Winter Cos can be recom-
mended. "This variet}' forms heads not so large as
the Paris Wliite, but if properly tied makes a ver\'
solid head. Light frost affects this sort very little and
if given slight protection it can be left outdoors until
the middle of Decemljer.

The flavor of this lettuce is far superior to that of
the ordinary kind, and the long, spoon-shaped, white-
ribbed leaves make a beautiful showing if served prop-
erly.

Another variety is endive. This is a late fall and
early winter letttice, as it runs to seed easily in the
summer months. The seed is sown in the early fall in
the open ground, and when the plants have from seven
to eight leaves they are transplanted. As some varie-
ties grow very large they should be set out from 12 to
16 inches apart, in rich, well-manured soil. Constant
working of the soil and frequent watering will push
them forward rapidly. They form no head, but a dense
rosette, and their quality is judged by the compact
denseness of the rosette and the blanching. They are
worthless if poorly blanched. The blanching is done
a few weeks before they are gathered. If nearly full
grown the leaves are all tied up together so as to pro-
tect the heart of the plant from the action of the sun-
light. The plants are allowed to stand where they
grow, but thej^ must be well watered. Endive treated
in this way will be fit for the table in about 20 days.
If protected by marsh hay the plants will continue to
grow in temperate latitudes until the middle of De-
cember. The best variety is Green Curled Winter. If
full grown it forms a rosette that is from 12 to 18
inches across, the leaves being very much curled. —
Countrv Gentleman.

BRUSSELLS SPROUTS. •

The growing of Brussells sprouts and cabbage are
practically the same while in the young stage of
growth. Seed should be sown in a greenhouse or hot-
bed any time in March (according to your facilities or
local conditions.) Before the second leaf is made the
young plants should be transplanted into flats filled
with at least 3 inches of good soil and spaced 3 inches
apart. The plants should not be allowed to starve in
these flats, but should be planted out in the open
ground as soon as the soil and weather conditions will
permit. Brussells sprouts should never at any time be
crowded. The^- require good rich soil with plenty of
humus, and like cabbage, will stand plenty of manure.
Planted in a garden they should be set 3 feet apart in
the row and 3 feet 6 inches to 4 feet between rows ;
plant diagonally. When plants are set the soil should
be trod firmly around the plant with your feet, so as
to get a compact growth. Do not let them suft'er for
want of water and keep all weeds cleaned out, and
give them constant cultivation. Of course, j^ou will
have to keep the cabbage worm off of them, using
what remedy you think best; as in case of green fly, if
they get in the young sprouts they are troublesome.
The beginning of August it gives good results to apply
some good concentrated fertilizer every two weeks
applied around the plants and raked in. If a storm
should knock the plants down it is best to put a stake
to the plants and tie them up.

The trouble is in our State of Wisconsin the grow-
ing season is sometimes too short ; if a severe frost
comes in September sometimes the sprouts have not
developed enough. The plants should then he dug up
(leave what dirt will stay on the roots) and heel them
in soil either in a cold frame or a vegetable shed so that
they get plenty of air in day time and severe frosts

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

319

kept from tliem at night. They come out very satis-
factorily this way. Would not advise anyone planting;
them in a hot black muck soil. — Vegetable Grower.

GROWING TOMATOES IN THE HOUSE
GARDEN.

This method of growing tomatoes has never failed
to produce large quantities of good-sized, smooth,
evenly-ripened fruit. I start the seed in the house
about 8 weeks before planting time, transplanting them
into a cold frame about 6 inches apart both ways,
about 4 weeks before setting them out, so as to secure
stocky, well-hardened plants. I use poultry wire 3^2
or 4 feet wide, drawn tight between stout stakes, as
they have a heavy load to bear later on. Set the plants
deeply, 4 feet apart in well prepared soil, using a good
handful of high-grade fertilizer, mixed thoroughly
with the soil in each hill, protecting the plants with a
paper collar from the cut worms. Give good cultiva-
tion, deeply at first and lighter later in the season.
Keep the plants tied to the wire with soft twine as
they grow up, letting them grow as they will, doing
no pruning until the plants are well set with fruit, then
trim away all unnecessary growth above the top of
the wire. By planting the strong-growing varieties,
such as Matchless and Livingston's Coreless, one can
have good tomatoes to- the end of the season, as they
can be cultivated and kept growing until frost cuts
them down. I aim to protect the plants against the
tlea beetle, by keeping them well sprayed, particularly
while they are still small, as they seem to do the most
injury to young plants. Another application of fertil-
izer later on when the plants are setting is advisable,
raking it well in, not too close to the plants. Three
or four days before lifting plants from the cold frame
I take a large knife and cut between plants. This
makes it much easier to lift them and keep all the soil
on the roots, and they never wilt when handled this
w-ay. I have found this method much superior to
training the plants to single stems on stakes, as that
does not seem to leave foliage enough to protect the
fruit. — \'egetable Grower.

BEAN GROWING UNDER GLASS.

While beans are not grown commercially under
glass, they are very acceptable for the private table,
and far superior to any that can be procured on the
market during the winter months; therefore, for
pivate greenhouses, beans are to be highly recom-
mended as a forced vegetable. When successfully
grown, it is surprising t!ie number which can be
gathered.

There are two methods of growing this vegetable —
on raised benches or in pots. If grown in pots, half
fill 7-inch ])ots with fairly rich porous soil, then plant
six or seven beans in a pot. As the beans grow keep
adding soil by degrees until filled. It takes about 8 to
9 weeks to mature a crop in a temperature of 55 de-
grees at night with 70 to 75 during the day. The
bench sj'^stem is preferable, as there is less labor and
attention required, and results are equal, if not bet-
ter.

Greenhouse vegetable forcing has come to be one of
the important branches of the profession. The product
appeals readily to the consumer, as the plants are not
subjected to extreme temperatures such as our early
garden vegetables are at times. The results are they
are tender and can be appreciated by all. — Can. Hort.

New Ceirnation

Wm, Eccles

Awarded 1st prize at the Carnation Societies' Convention Id Detroit
for the best 100 Blooms. Red or Scarlet.

The Silver Medal of the New York Horticultural Society for the
best undiscriminated variety, and flrst-class certificates wherever
shown. Has the color of Flamingo, a strong, rigid stem, a perfectly
formed 3Vo-inch flower, non-bursting, highly perfumed, a grand keeper;
a cross between Beacon and Victory and as free as any scarlet to date.

We are also sole agents in America for Mr. Engelmann's (Saffron
Walden. England) British Novelties. Lady Northcliffe and British
Triumph. Two very promising Carnations. Come and see them grown.

Prices, Rooted Cuttings, Doz S3.00: 100 $15.00

Prices, Out of 214-inch P»ts, Doz $3.60; 100 $20.00

Don't forget that we have a fine lot of home-grown grape vines In
all the leading varieties. 1. 2. and 3-year-old canes. These are more
satisfactory than the imported article, for half the price.

One-Year-Old Vines $200 each

Two- Year-Old Vines $3.50 each

Layer Fruiting Canes $5.00 to $7.50 each

Try our Grnfted Roses this year. We supply the most critical buyers
in the country, and can satisfy you. Our Chrysanthemum list Is com-
prehensive and contains the best there is in Mums.

If our catalogue fails to reach you. drop us a postal.

SCOTT BROS.

Elmsford Nurseries
ELMSFORD NEW YORK

DREER'S

Fancy -Leaved Caladiums

We carrv the largest stock of Fancy-leaved
Caladiums iii the world and our collection is most com-
plete, including many new and rare varieties which
have not as yet been generally offered, and also the
choicest of the standard varieties.

We oiler the Choice Standard Varieties.

Collection of 12 distinct sorts for $2,25
Collection of 25 distinct sorts for $4.00
Collection of 50 distinct sorts for $7.50

New and Rare Varieties.

Collection of 12 distinct sorts for $5.00
Collection of 28 distinct sorts for $12.50

The Diamond Jubilee Edition
DREER'S GARDEN BOOK FOR 1913

dcbcribcs the ah,
varieties of Seed
worth growing ii
and practical ci
of greater vali
free to anyone

••c and .ilso olTcr-i nearly 5,000 other species and
Plants and Bulbs, which include really everything
... this country. Many of the sorts arc illustrated,
Itural notes on flowers and vegetables make this book
e than any half dozen books on gardening. Mailed
metitiotiin]: this {publication.

DREER'S C.\RDIX.\L CUMBER is the most beautiful,
liant and distinct annual climber ever introduced. It is a sti
rapid grower, with deeply lacinalcd foliage and covered
brilliant red flowers, which make it a blaze of glory from
July till fri.<t. :;•:. per p.ickct. Dreer's Garden Book free

bril-

ch

.Icr.

HENRY A. DREER

714 Chettnut Street
PHILADELPHIA. PA.

320

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

LIME AS A SOIL ADJUSTER.

In man_y States the soil is deficient in lime, and tiiis
has caused a number of investigations to be made with
good resuUs.

]\Iany soils are sour. Lime sweetens, sour soils, so
that crops such as alfalfa and clovers can be raised
that are impossible otherwise. Lime is recommended
for the soils in most of the Eastern and Southern
States.

What kind of lime shall be used? Ground marble,
or pure limestone, of about the texture of coarse corn
meal, is undoubtedly preferable to the burnt lime at
the usual price. A fair amount is two tons to the acre.
An application lasts several years, depending on the
condition of the soil.

Lime alone is not a fertilizer, but is a "soil adjuster,"
that is, it neutralizes the acids of the soils, thereby
bringing about such conditions that the soil and the
fertilizers (materials which contain the food elements
required by plants) will readily give up their food con-
stituents to the plants. Therefore the lime will not re-
place a fertilizer, but it brings about neutrality of the
soil, which condition is necessary for rendering the
fertility a\ailable for assimilation bv the plant.

Formerly the lime was added to the soil in the form
of burnt limestone, known as burnt lime, or calcium
oxide. In contact with the flesh produces irritation
and sores and destroys clothing, both of which makes
its spreading over the soil a very disagreeable opera-
tion. As it must be spread in a pulverized form and
being a light material, much dusting occurs, so even
with care the persons who are spreading it cannot
prevent some of the fine dust entering their eyes,
throat and lungs. The result is painful irritation,
which may result in bringing about permanent injury
to these organs. Furthermore, when the burnt lime
is moistened it forms lime-hydrate, more commonly
known as slacked lime, which material is rapidly
washed away and dissolved by rains, causing loss un-
less immediately mixed with the soil.

These two materials in their pure state are of the
same chemical combination, being lime carbonate, a
conipound which rapidly and completely neutralizes
acids, but which is verj- slightly soluble in water.
With these facts in mind, large scale experiments were
conducted in several States, the results going to show
that pulverized marble dust, or pure limestone, pos-
sesses many advantages over burnt lime as a "soil ad-
juster." Some of the chief advantages which were
■found are: 1. It is a cheaper material, the actual cost
for a given weight of lime equivalent is less than half:
2. The material being in fairly large grains is not
washed nor dissolved and lost by rains; 3. It is not
objectionable nor unhealthy to spread, as it does not
dust and does not irritate the flesh; 4. It may be
spread easily and uniformly; 5. It does not destroy
the vegetable matter of the soil, not being strongl'v
caustic, therefore an excess is no injury.

SUPERIOR ADV.VXTAGES.

Now as to the advantages of pulverized marble over
pulverized limestone. Marble is one of the purest
forms of natural calcium carbonate, analyzing 98.0 to
99.0 per cent. pure. Limestone on the other hand is
composed chiefly of calcium carbonate, in some cases
being of as pure a quality as marble, but as a general
rule it contains varying amounts of silica, iron oxide.
and magnesium carbonate.

Soil deficient in lime carbonate (sour soils) require
an application of a large quantity of fertilizers in or-

der to raise good crops; whereas soils which contain
free lime require less fertilizing and give good returns.

Charles E. Thorne, director of the Ohio Experi-
ment Station, made the following statement in his
report on the need of adding lime to soils : "When
the land begins to need lime it is a waste of time,
energy and money to continue to cultivate it until the
need is supplied, for the economical use of every other
fertilizing material, including manure, depends upon
the lime supply. If it is deficient, everything else
must fall short of its possible attainment.

Pulverized marble alone will not render the land
fertile, but if all the plant food elements are present in
the soil, then the lime carbonate will adjust the con-
ditions so that they will be readily assimilated by the
plant.

TESTS TO DETERMINE NEED.

The two best methods of determining the need of
applying lime to the soil are as follows :

I. The most practical test is afiforded by laying off
a strip in the field which is a fair representative of the
whole field. Spread about one pound of the pulverized
marble on each square yard on the strip (equivalent
to 2 tons per acre) and harrow it into the soil. Sow
your regular crop and note if the growth on the test
strip is better than the other part of the farm. Test
strips of land, to which are also added manure or other
fertilizers, together with the pulverized marble, will
demonstrate the real need of the soil.

II. The appearance of a growing field may indicate
the need of applying pulverized marble. If the soil is
not as productive as it should be, then in most cases
the application will prove to be most beneficial. In no
case can injury result by applying pulverized marble,
even when ajiplied in great excess.

now TO APPLY IT.

Tlie most elTective way of applying puiveVized
marble to the land is to spread it broadcast, over the
plowed surface, then thoroughly harrow it into the
soil. In the case of meadows, or other grass lands, a
too dressing alone will be beneficial.

The best time of the vear for making the application
is either in the earlv sprin? or in the fall; but still it
mav be apolied without doing anv injury at any other
time that the land is not occupied by crops and when
plowing can be done. The amotmt which should be
used is about two tons per acre, which is ample for
two to five years, depending on the condition of the
soil.

RESULTS OF USING IT.

In summarizing; the results of a number of experi-
ments on the effect of lime carbonate on soils con-
ducted throug-hout the United States, the following
show the many advantages gained by the use of pul-
verized marble :

1. The free acid in the soil is neutralized, oroducing
sweet conditions, which is essential for fertility.

2. Hea\-y anrl clayev soils are rendered porous and
mellow, thus the maintenance of good tilth is more
easy.

3. Ortjanic nmtter and barnyard manures decom-
pose more rapidly and the olant food which thev con-
tain becomes more promptly available. Th's is espe-
cially so in heavy soils in which decay takes place
slowlv.

4. The capacity of liglit soils to retain moisture is
increased when pulverized marble is used in combina-
tion with green manuringf or any other org'anic manures.

.^. It is essential for success with clovers and alfalfa.
.\ hea^•v application in this case gives best results.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

321

6. It decreases the tendency of certain diseases,
which are the result of parasitic organisms. This is
especiall}- so with cauliflowers and finger-and-toe of
turnips and beets.

7. It renders available the less soluble potash com-
pounds of soils, in which case the need of potash fer-
tilizers will be lessened, at least for a time.

8. Phosphate fertilizers are often rendered more
eflfective, and the inert phosphates of the soil are
rendered available for the plant.

9. It improves the physical condition of the soil
by making it more porous so that it retains moisture
longer and also reduces the tendency of the soil to
cake. A porous soil allows air to more readily reach
the roots, which is essential to the healthful growth
of the plant.

10. It increases the activity of the soil and renders
more rapidly available the elements of fertilizers.

11. The growth of legumes is greatly encouraged,
whereby a greater quantity of nitrogen is taken from
the air and stored in the soil.

12. It is especially beneficial to meadow and pasture
grasses, therefore animal husbandry is made possible
and more profitable.

13. Crop production per acre is increased.

With these many advantages in favor of the use of
pulverized marble on lands, the farmer must not be
led to think that all diseases and bad conditions of his
soils will be remedied by its use. Pulverized marble
dust, the purest form of natural lime carbonate, is
merely a "soil adjuster," and as such, is a most valuable
aid to fertilizers, manures, thorough cultivation, nor
proper crop rotation, but its use will increase the
efficiency of each of these and thereby yield large re-
turns. — Exchange.

PELICAN PLANT.

The photograph herewith reproduced is a fine speci-
men of what is sometimes called the Pelican plant, and
was grown on the estate of P. A. B. Widener, at
Ogontz, Pa., over which William Kleinheinz presides
as gardener. The flowers shown on the plant are 12
inches across, and 24 inches long; the tail (canda) be-
ing from 28 to 30 inches in length. This plant is of a
climbing variety, and grown under glass at a tempera-
ture of 55 to 58. It can be flowered twice a year, re-
quiring a rest before forcing.

ARISTOLOCHIA GIC.AS HOOKERII.
{.Irown bv William Kleinheinz, Ogontz, Pa

I am in a Position

to quote prices
on specimen

Evergreens that will be decidedly attractive for any estate.

If you are in the market for anything from Norway Spruce

to the finer varieties of

EVERGREENS

send in your lists and I will give you a figure that will
satisfy you.

. 11. vJWLJLyiSllLL, ine\a/ york. city

200 BRO/\D\A//\>^

INE\A/

Xelephone, 5617 Cortlandt

322

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

National Association of Gardeners.
M. C. Ebel, secretary, Madison, X. J.

Society of American Florists and Orna-
mental Horticulturists.
John Young, secretary, 54 West 38th street.
New York.

American Carnation Society.
A. F. J. Bauer, secretary, Indianapolis, Ind.

American Gladiolus Society.
L. Merton Gage, secretarj', Grot on, Mass.

American Peony Society.
A. B. Saunders, secretary, Clinton, N. Y.

American Rose Society.
B. Hammond, secretary, Fislikill, X. Y.

American Sweet Pea Society.

H. A. Bunyard, secretary, 342 West 14th

street, New York.

Chrysanthemum Society of America.

Charles W. Jolinson. secretary, Morgan

Park, 111.

Boston Gardeners' and Florists' Club.

William N. Craig, secretary. North Easton,
Mass.
Meets third Tuesday every month, Horti-
cultural Hall, Boston, Mass., 8 p. m.

Connecticut Horticultural Society.

Geo. W. Smith, secretary, Melrose, Conn.

Meets second and fourth Fridays every

month. County Building, Hartford, Conn., 8

p. m.

Dutchess County Horticultural Society.

Hubert G. Cottam, secretary, Wappingers

Falls, N. Y.

Meets at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., last
Wednesday every month except May and
June.

Elberon Horticultural Society.

Benj. Wyckoff, secretary, 1104 4th avenue,

Asbury Park, N. J.

Meets first Monday everv month. Fire

Hall, Elberon, N. J., 8 p. m."

Florists' and Gardeners' Club of Holyoke
and Northarnpton, Mass.

James Whiting, secretary, Amherst, Mass.
Meets second Tuesday every month.

The Garden Club of Michigan.
Mrs. Edward H. Parker, secretary, 139 Sey-
burn avenue, Detroit, Mich.
The corresponding secretary virill notify
members of date and place of meetings.

Gardeners' and Florists' Club of Baltimore.

Meets second and fourtli Monday every
month, Florist Exchange Hall.

The Horticultural Society of New York.

Geo. V. Nash, secretary, Bronx Park, New

York City.

Meets monthly, irregular. May to Octo-
ber, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx
Park, New York. November to April,
American Museum of Natural History, 77th
street and Columbus avenue. New York.

Lake Geneva Gardeners' and Foremen's

Association.
A. Martini, secretary, Lake Geneva, Wis.
Meets first and third Saturday every
month, October to April; first Saturday
every month. May to September, Horticul-
tural Hall.

Lenox Horticultural Society.
George Instone, secretary, Lenox, Mass.
Meets first Saturday every month.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
William P. Rich, secretary, 300 Massachu-
setts-avenue, Boston,' Mass.

Monmouth County Horticultural Society.

Harry Kettle, secretary, Fairhaven, N. J.
Meets second and fourth Friday every
month, Red Men's Hall, Oceanic.

Morris County Florists' and Gardeners'

Society.
Edward J. Keagaii, secretary, Morristown,
N. J.
Meets at Madison, N. J., second Wednes-
day every month, except July and August,
S p. m,

Nassau County Horticultural Society,
Ernest Westlake, secretary. Glen Cove, N. Y.

Meets second Wednesday every month,
Pembroke Hall, Glen Cove, N. Y.,-8 p. m.

New Jersey Floricultural Society.
Willip.m Reid, secretary, 363 Centre street,
Orange, N. J.
Meets second Friday every month, 240
Main street. Orange, N. J., 8 p. m.

New London County Horticultural Society.
John Humphrey, secretary, X^ew London.
^ Conn.
Meets second Thursday every month,
rooms of Business Men's Association.

Newport Horticultural Society.
D. J. Coughlin, secretary, Newport, R. I.
Meets second and fourth Tuesday every
month.

North Shore Horticultural Society.

Jas. Slater, secretary, ^Manchester, Jlass.
Meets first and third Fridays every
month.

North Westchester County Horticultural

and Agricultural Society.
M. J. O'Brien, secretary, Mt. Kisco. N. Y.
Meets third Thursday every month, ex-
cept June, July and August, at 8 ■ p, m. ;
December. January and February, 3 p. m..
Odd Fellows Hall, Mt. Kisco.

Oyster Bay Horticultural Society.
Tohn T. Ingram, secretary, Oyster Bav,
N. Y. '
Meets third Friday every month. Board
of Trade, Oyster Bay, N. Y., 8 p. m.

Pasadena Horticultural Society.

Geo. B. Kennedy, secretary, 497 Bradford
street, Pasadena, Cal.
Meets first and fourth Friday every
month.

Paterson Floricultural Society.

Sebastian Hubschmitt, secretary, 61 Seventh
avenue, Paterson, N. J.
Meets first Tuesday every month, Ro-
maine Building, 8 p. m.

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.
David Rust; secretary. Broad and Locust
streets, Philadelphia, Pa.
Meets third Tuesday every month, Horti-
cultural Hall, 8 p. m.

People's Park Cottage Gardeners' Associa-
tion,
.lohn Ainscough, secretary, 4 Chestnut street,
Paterson, N. J.
Meets first and last Friday every month.
Working Man's Institute, !^Iadison avenue,
Paterson, N. J.

Philadelphia Florists' Club.
David Rust, secretary. Broad and Locust
streets, Philadelphia, Pa.
Meets first Tuesday every month. Horti-
cultural Hall, Philadelphia, Pa., 8 p. m.

The Pittsburgh Florists' and Gardeners'
Club.

H. P. Joslin, secretary, Ben Avon, Pa.

Meets first Thursdav every month. Fort
Pitt Hotel, Pittsburgh," Pa.

Rhode Island Horticultural Society.

A. C. ^Miller, secretary, 7 Irving avenue.
Providence, R. I.
ileets third Wednesday every month.
Providence Public Library, 8 p, m.

Southampton Horticultural Society.

William McLeod, secretary.
Meets first Thursday every month. Me-
morial Hall, Southampton, N. Y.

Tarrytown Horticultural Society.

E. W, Neubrand, secretary, Tarytown, N, Y.
Meets last Tuesday ever}' month, except
December, Corporation Building, Tarrytown,
N. Y'., 7:30 p. m. Annual meeting last
Thursday in December.

Tuxedo Horticultural Society.
Jos. A. Beevar, secretary, Tuxedo Park, N. Y.
Meets first Wednesday every month. Par-
ish House, Tuxedo Park.

Washington, D. C, Florist Club.

0. A. C. Ochmair, secretary, Washington.
D, C.
Meets first Monday every month.

Westchester and Fairfield Horticultural

Society.
J. B. McArdle, secretary, Greenwich, Conn.
Meets second Friday every mouth. Dor-
an's Hall, Greenwich, Conn,, S p, m.

Yonkers Horticultural Society.
S. Mahoney, secretary, Yonkers, N. Y.
Jleets first Frida.y every month, Holly-
wood Inn, Y'onkers, N. Y., 8 p. m.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

323

GARDENERS DIARY

The International Flower Show.
New Grand Central Palace, New York,
April 5-12, 1913.

Lenox Horticultural Society.
Summer Show, August 20-21. Fall Show,
October 22-23.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
Mid-winter Exhibition, February 1, 2,
1913. Spring Exhibition, March 14-16, 1913.
Horticultural Hall, Boston, Mass.

Yonkers Horticultural Society.
Bowling, Thursday nights, Riverdale ave-
nne, Yonkers, N. Y.

Nassau County Horticultural Society.
Annual Dinner, Glen Cove, January 23,

Morris County Horticultural Society.

Annual Dinner, Morristown, N. J., Janu-
ly 28.

New Jersey Floricultural Society.
Annual Dinner, Orange, N. ■!., January 1.5.

Monmouth County Horticultural Society.
Annual Dinner, January.

Oyster Bay Horticultural Society.

Annual Dinner. Rothman's Hotel, East
Norwich. N. Y.. January 29.

North Westchester Horticultural and Agri-
cultural Society.

Annual Dinner, Newcastle Inn., Mt. Kisco,
January l(i.

Yonkers Horticultural Society.
Annual Dinner, Hollywood Inn, Yonkers,
-January 30.

Lenox Horticultural Society.
Annual Dinner, February — .

REMINISCENCES OF THE NORTHERN
WESTCHESTER COUNTY HORTICUL-
TURAL AND AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY OF MT. KISCO.
M. J. O'Brien.
In writing for your esteemed paper a
short history of the above society and
things horticultural and its aspirants, it
goes without saying that it is a subject
near and dear to the hearts of most all
the people in whatever walk in life you find
tlicm — from the millionaire, with his green-
houses, to the workman's wife, with her
dooryard and window garden and to even
the toddling child with bis flower garden
in the backyard. The inate love of flowers
seems and is a god-jfiven attribute of us
all, and what the Northern Westchester
County Horticultural and Agricultural So-
ciety has done and is doing to inculcate and
promote that love of (lowers and plants is
now. my purpose to record.

This society was organized January 5,
1897, the object being for the promotion of
social intercourse and discussion of horti-
cultural and agricultural matters among its
members and the general community in this
vicinity. Primarily through the untiring
•efforts of our fellow townsman, H. A.

Spavins, the nucleus of this society was
then formed. He got together at that time
some of the ablest men in the gardening
profession to help him formulate same,
notably, J. 1. Donlan, of New York; Hon.
James Wood and Mr. T. Ehvood Carpenter,
respectively president and secretary of the
then Bedford Flower Club, a horticultural
society which preceded this organization.

The first officers of the society were:
Honorary president, Hon. James Wood;
honorary vice-presidents, Dr. Curry and ilr.
T. E. Carpenter. The active officers were
as follows: President, Alex. L. Marshall,
Pawling, N. Y.; vice-president, Wm.
Stevens, Mount Kisco; treasurer, Michael
Green, Jlount Kisco; secretary, Herbert
Spavins, Mount Kisco; Executive commit-
tee, J. H. Crane, chairman; 0. Von Koden,
Charles Frank, John Payton, and A. T.
Brill.

The first flower show held by the society
was in the Mount Kisco Opera House, in
November, 1897, to which our public spirited
townsman, H. F. Bailey, Esq., donated a
fine silver cup for best 24 chrj'santhemums.
It was won by George Barton, gardener
to the late J. D. Layng, Esq., and through
tlie medium of the munificience of Jlr.
Bailey in offering a silver cup yearly the
competition for some brought out the finest
flowers from the foremost growers in
Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey and
New York State, and the Society had a
most enviable prominence amongst their
fellow neighboring societies, which they
hold to the present time.

Some year or so after the new railroad

depot was built, the society voluntarily
planted the herbacious flower border back
of the hedge on South Moger avenue, which
adds to the beauty of that point in the
village. The main object of the members,
as said before, is to promote a spirit
amongst the people of the "village beauti-
ful." In the Spring of 1898 they distributed
to the school children of the village 500
geraniums in pots to inculcate the love of
flowers, offering five prizes for best grown
geranium, personally taken care of by each
child, one plant allowed each child for the
exhibition in November of that year. The
exhibit proved a wonder.

I wish to state this time that an esteemed
wealthy lady of Mount Kisco has gen-
erously offered four valuable prizes to this
society to be competed for at the Novem-
ber Flower Show of 1913, by the school
children of the village schools, and the
plants will be distributed amongst the
children the coming Spring by this society,
to be grown by them for that exhibition.

I may add that since the advent of our
wealthy residents in Mount Kisco and
vicinity, this society has been patronized,
fostered, and generously financed by them.
The majority of them take a keen interest
in the annual shows, where the products
of their estates are to l)e seen on e.xhibi-
tion and competition — a source of great
pleasure to them and the general com-
munity, and a credit to the growers.

There is now an active membership of
75, including 5 charter members — H. A.
Sparius, A. L. Marshall, Geo. Carpenter,
Howard F. Bailey and Wm. Will, Katonah.

THE LAKE GENEVA GARDENERS' AND FOREMEN'S ASSOCIATION.

The Lake Geneva Gardeners' and Fore-
men's Association has the distinction of being
the only club of its kind in this country
possessing its own home, which has come to
it through the generosity of the residents
along the shore front of Lake Geneva.

The Lake Geneva gardeners are making
good use of the club house erected for them
and from time to time hold interesting ex-
hibits to which the public is admitted free
of charge, except at the annual chrysanthe-
mum show, when the nominal entrance fee
of 25 cents is collected. These shows arc
all well patronized and enjoyed by the
public.

l<^or several years it has been the custom
of the club to distribute among the public
school children during the month of May
some five or six hundred chry.santhemun)
plants in 3-inch pots, to be grown by the
children during the Summer months to be
competed for later in the season at the
children's show. The club's treasury eon-
tributes $50 in prizes and from seventy-five

to one hundred plants are brought together
in competition.

The association has recently installed a
gardeners' library in its olnb room, covering
such subjects as botany, bulbs, perennials,
nursery, orchard and small fniits, vegetables,
land.scape and a number of miscellaneous
subjects, and a cyclopedia pertaining to
floriculture and horticulture. Last year's
prize money at the chrysanthemum show was
permitted to remain in the treasury for the
establishment of this librao'.

The employers of the gardeners take an
active interest in the yearly shows. These
shows being instrumeulal in getting estate
owners to put up more glass aud incidentally
instilling new life and energy into the
profession.

Meetings are held twice a month during the
AVinter months, and in the bus.v, or Summer
season, meetings are confined to once a
month.

This club is regarded as one of the most
progressive and succe.ssfiil of, the gardeners'
clubs in the West.

324

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

TARRYTOWN DINNER.

The Tariytown Horticultural Society
opened the horticultural dinner season on
Wednesday evening. January 8, at Flor-
ence Inn. Tarrytown. N. Y. The hour set
for the dinner was 7:30 o'clock, and very
shortly after that hour the diners seated
themselves in the prettily decorated dining
room, where many of this season's flori-
culture novelties were displayed on the
tables.

As usual the active man of the occasion
was Mr. E. W. Xewbrand, secretary of the
society. The hotel furnished a fine menu,
which, with the good music, was much en-
joyed by those present.

Many of the speakers were men promi-
nent in public life along the Hudson,
notably the Hon. Cliarles P. McClellan.
United States Appraiser, and his remarks
were well chosen. Mr. J. Austin Shaw was
on hand with his annual communication
from the secretary. He was followed by
Mr. Geo. B. Nash, of the Bronx Park, New
Y'ork, who spoke on behalf of the great
work done by the New York Horticultural
Society, and asked the co-operation of the
gardeners in making the monthly flower
shows, which are now being held* by this
society, a success.

Others at the dinner were :Mr. F. P.. Pier-
son, "the first citizen" of Tarrytown; Wil-
liam H. AVaite and L. Milliott, of Ynnkcrs.
N. Y.; Frank Drews and J. Derban, of
Orange, N. J.; J. W. Everett, and Leslie
Ortiz, of Glen Cove, N. Y.; A. Bleschkc,
Saugatuck, Conn., and Robert Angus, Wil-
liam Scott, J. Witlinger and William Jami-
son, Tarrytown; Martin C. Ebel and Wm.
E. Tricker, of Madison, N. J., and many
other of the gardening fraternity.

Mr. Charles Millard acted as toastmaster.

OYSTER BAY HORT. SOCIETY.

The regular monthly meeting of the
Oyster Bay Horticultural Society was held
in the board of trade rooms, December 28,
at 8 p. m.; President Duthie occupied the
chair. Eev. Geo. Talmage was elected an
associate member and Daniel Craft, of the
Bay, also associate. The following gentle-
men acted as judges for the Points Compe-
tition: Alfred Lahodney, A. Walker, James
Duckham. The financial secretary read his
report, also the treasurer, which were re-
ceived by a rising vote of thanks. Mr.
Jos. Robinson acted as temporary chairman,
and the following were elected: James
Duthie, president; Joseph Robinson, vice-
president; John T. Ingi-am, secretary; John
Deviiie, financial secretary; H. G. Vail,
treasurer. Executive committee, Wm.
Eccles. A. Walker. Thos. Roberts, A. Lahod-
?iey, Floyd Blowers, Chester Painter. J. E.

Ravnor; trustees, James Goldsmith, John
Millar, E. J. Grobel.

Mr. Robinson installed the officers for
1913. The subject of having a dinner was
discussed, and it was agreed to hold it on
January 29 at Chas. Rothman's Hotel at
East Norwich.

Mr. Robinson won the gold medal pre-
sented by the president for most points at
the monthly meeting last year.

.JOHN T. INGRAM.

At the annual meeting of The Northern
Westchester Horticultural and Agricultural
Society, December 19, 1912, the following
officers were elected for 1913: President,
.James H. Andrews, re-elected ; vice-presi-
dent, John T. Hall, re-elected; financial
secretary, Alexander, Thomson, re-elected;
treasurer, John Walsh, new officer; record-
ing secretarv. AI. J. O'Brien, re-elected.

M. .1. O'BRIEN,
Recording Secretary.

ORCHIDS

Established and Imported

AlsoBMkets. Peat, Moss. Write for Catalatrs

Wed Orange, N.J.

AMERICAN ROSE SOCIETY.

The prize list for the coming exhibition as
part of the National Flower Show has been
issued. There will be additional special
prizes.

The Annual Bulletin for 1912 will be an
interesting document. This record of events
of the society is steadily in demand by
libraries and students.

Tlie correspondence up to this date shows
that interest is already alive by the growers
of roses to make good in New York. No
flower show would be complete unless the
roses were there in full force. These flower
shows are very effective as "trade getters" in
this wise :

The fame of them goes broadcast. In the
city of New York within a radius of twelve
miles from the location of the Gi-and Central
station, where the show is to be held, are
.5.(KiO,000 people, and to cultivate the taste
of this great population' is the effect.

There is a place in popular favor for the
small roses. The Rambler rose is becoming
more and more in evidence the country over.
During the growing season this class of
roses, if you look for them, you will find
frequently in the small door yards of the
cities. They do look pretty.

BENJAMIN HAMMOND,
Secretary.

SOLANUM CAPSICASTRUM MELVINI

BEAUTIFUL DECORA-
TIVE PLANT FOR
THE HOLIDAYS

{Introduced by us last scasoiO
Dwarf, bushy plants. 12 to
Id inches high, covered with
brilliant scarlet. conical
shaped berries, carried well
above the foliage.

AWARDED
Silver Medal by Society Of

.\m(Tiian Florists.
Bronze Medal by Newport

Il.irt. Society.
First Class Certificate by

Muss, riort. Society.
First Class Certificate by
c.'iinoiurs' and Florists'
Club of Boston.
First Class Certificate by
National Gardeners' As-
sociation.
Sow Seeds in Jati. or Feb.
tor next Christmas.

Single pkt. 25c. 5 pkts. $1.00

ORDER NOW AS SEED IS LIMITED

THOMAS J. GREY CO.

32 S. Market St., Boston, Mass-

ROEHR'S SPECIALTIES:

Orchids : Palms : Bay Trees : Roses

and all stove and ornamental plants. The
only strictly exotic nurseries in America.

JULIUS ROEHRS CO., Rutherford, N. J.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

325

CONNECTICUT HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

The anmial meeting of the Connecticut
Horticultural Society was held in the
County Building, Hartford, on Friday eve-
ning, December 13.

The officers who have so faithfully done
duty for the past twelve months were re-
elected in a body with a few minor excep-
tions. This makes President Huss' seventh
consecutive year in the chair, w'hich fact
speaks volumes for the esteem with which
he is held by his fellow members. The so-
cietv is in a good condition numerically and
financially, there being about 210 members
in good standing. The society has bought
two additional shares of the Aetna Life In-
surance stock, which, with the shares al-
ready owned, will bring in a handsome
revenue.

The e.xhibition table was well filled with
plants, cut flowers and tomatoes and mush-
rooms, all of high quality.

The judges. Messrs. Petersen, Cumming?
and Brown, awarded J. F. Huss first class
certificate for four magnificent begonias of
the Loraine type.

Wm. H. Mackenzie, first class certificate
for five varieties of sweet peas.

J. F. Weber, first class certificate for two
vases Poinsettias, one vase single and one
double varieties.

J. Zibilleus, first class certificate for to-
matoes.

\V. Mason certificate of merit for vase of
beautiful Bonvardias in three varieties.

J. F. Weber honorable mention for mush-
rooms.

Burpee's Seeds Grow

And the Burpee Business Grows!

Last year (our36lh) we sold more seeds than
ever before in any one year, and in 1913 we shall
sell even more. Vou will understand " the reason
why " when you read

Burpee's New Annual for 1913

This complete hook, bound in lithographed
co\ers and containing also four fine colored
plates painted from nature, is Volrs for the ask-
ing — provided you have a garden and will men-
tion where you saw this advertisement. It is an
elegant book — the best seed catalog we have yet
issued— and offers Rare Novelties in choicest
Vegetables and Beautiful
Flowers, some of which
can be obtained only
direct from us.

Many a winter's evening
can he spent profitably in
planning your garden by a
careful study of this book.
Shall we send you a copy ?
If vou appreciate Quality
in Seeds you wilt say Yes I

If so, write to-day — do
not put off and possibly
forget until it is too late!

W. Atlee Burpee & Co.

rpee Bu
rgest M.

.dings, Philadelphia
lil-Order Seed House

There will NLVLK l.e enough nu:;
ber one apples— ALWAYS too man
cider apples. Don't waste your time
s crowing inferior grades.

cidal properties. Used bv best orchard-
Ists the world over. Endorsed b\' Ex-
Stations. Our SERVICE

/booklet— "Pratt's Hand-
book for Fruit Growers" and "Sr ale-
the T-ee Siver." P-^ih frpe.
PRATT COMPANY

50 Church Street New York Cit'

.^rTn^S Sheep Manun

Dried and Pulverized

One Barrel Equals Two

Wa^on Loads Barnyard Manure [

Unequalled for lawn, gardt

,er Ijooklet and prices.
I THE PULVERIZED MANURE CO.. 43 Uni

,d field fertilizing. Write |
Stock Yards. Cbicaco I

Wide-a-Wake Man's Opportunity

Property consists of 4; 2 acres land,
fronting on two streets, a nine-room cot-
tage, city water and hot water heat,
bath, etc. Electric lights and gas can be
had from either street.

Five greenhouses — four 200x22 ft. and
one 200x12 ft., in first-class running or-
der, stocked with roses. All benches arc
new this season and four houses have
concrete sides.

Steam and hot water heat, pots, tools,
etc., and boilers in Al condition.

One mile from depot and 26 miles
from New York. Owner must sell on
account of sickness. Will lease for a
year with privilege of buying. A good
opportunity for a live man to acquire an
established business cheap.

Will make easy terms to responsible
parties.

Address "Opportunity," Care (har-
dener's Chronicle, Madison, N. 1.

CAIN SUPPLY

Pure Raw Crushed Bone

FOR FRUIT CULTURE

Wfiie lor Pricrs

HD l/CMD ^"^^ Liberty Street
. D. IXLlYlr, Long Branch, N.J.

Plant for Immediate Effect

Not for Future Generations

Start with the largest stock that can be secured ! It takes over
twenty years to grow many of the Trees and Shrubs we offer.

We do the long waiting — thus enabling you to secure Trees and
Shrubs that give an immediate effect. Send for price list.

ANDORRA NURSERIES 'o

WM. WARNER HARPER, Proprietor

CHESTNUT HILL
PHILADELPHIA, PA.

Antoine Wintzer, Canim Hybridizor.

nator of more tlian 75 per cent, of t

Cannaa in Commerce today

IMPROVED (ANNAS

MRS. ALFRED F, CONARD, Introduced
In 1010. as a result of 15 .vears' careful
work, seemed, to the Exchange represeut-
ative as he looked upon it in full bloom,
to be one of the greatest creations In
Cannas ever sent out. Its very large,
clear, salmon-pink flowers, profusely pro-
duced on numerous beads, stand erect well
above Its ricb green foliage. Its bloom-
ing season is apparently long, and it Is
certainly one of the most exquisite of the
Cnnn.TS whose blooms arc In the lighter
cilois. — From The Florists' Exchange of
Siptembcr 2S.

OTHER IMPROVED CANNAS
WORTH HAVING.

Per 100

Bencon. Rid SM.OO

GladioHora. Variegated 15.00

Meteor. Red 25.00

Rosea Gigantea. Pink 25.00

Wm. Saunders. Red with bronze

l."f 10,00

Mt. Blanc. Near white 10.00

Kato F. Deemor. VcUow 35.00

Mrs, Alfred F, Conard. Pink 35.00

F. O. B. here.
For Ihc best kinds in the CANNA
KINOnOM write to

The Conard & Jones Co.

WEST GROVE, PENNA.

326

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

BON ARBOR

Awarded Diploma and Silver Medal at 1912
Royal laternational Exhibition, London, England

It is a complete plant food. Feed
your plants ; get results ; do it now.
Bon Arbor is favorably known every-
where it is used and it is widely
used. Such gardens as those of the
Capitol at Washington, D. C, and the Parliament Gardens,
Ottawa, Canada, and the Royal Windsor Gardens, Eng-
land, on the one side, and over 2000 country estates and
farms on the other, represent the field supplied. Show
flower and vegetable growers find Bon Arbor indispensable.

Bon Arbor is put up as follows :

>2-pound package, making IS gallons, by mail .$0.30
1-pound package, making 30 gallons, by mail . .55
5-pound package, making 150 gallons, exp. extra... 1.80

25-pound boxes, making 750 gallons 6.25

50-pound boxes, makmg 1500 gallons 12.50

100-pound boxes, making 3000 gallons 20.00

Barrels, from 250 to 300 lbs., 18c. per lb.
Ask your dealer or write direct.

Ant Destroyer, Positively Kills.

..65c. per lb.

BON ARBOR CHEMICAL CO.

Paterson, N. J., U. S. A.

Write for descriptivi
ture also Radix Worm
agricultural chemicals.

: catalogue, new 1912 edition. We manufac-
Eradicator, Insecticides, Weed Killer and all
Special prices on large quantities.

Get the Best in All Creation

TIP-TOP
TOBACCO POWDER

FOR FUMIGATION
Refuse, Reject the Imitation

$3.00 per Bag, 100 lbs.

Money With Order

Interstate Tobacco Co.

1397-1399 AVENUE A
NEW YORK

What More Can You Expect?

Messrs. Valentin Burgevin's Sons, of Kingston,
N. Y., write us under date of January 8th, 1913: —

"We wish to say that we find VERMIXE an excel-
lent thing. We used it on a bench planted with
Smilax to kill root lice, or maggots, which ate the
roots, and after two applications our Smilax is tak-
ing on new life and has started to grow."
Messrs. Newman & Legg, of Manasquan, N. J.,

write us under date of January 4th, 1913: —
"This fall we had occasion to try your FUXGINE
on a large house of sweet peas that were so badly
affected with mildew that we were going to throw
them out. — meaning a total loss of the crop.
"We had tried sulphur and all the other mildew
remedies without being able to control it. A caller
asked us if we had tried FUXGINE, saying that he
had heard that it was good for mildew. We gave
them one good syringing with FUXGINE, with the
result that within forty-eight hours there was not
a particle of live mildew in the house."

SCALINE

SCALINE. our new product, is an oil and sulphur
composition — three in one — a scalicide, fungicide and
insecticide combined, for San Jose and other scale
and all sap sucking insects.

Used in the dormant season for San Jose and hard
scale one part to twenty parts water.
In the summer season for soft scale, aphis, red
spider, thrips, mealy bug, one part to forty to fifty
parts water. It is a most effective outdoor spray for
trees, shrubs and hardy plants.

It will save your evergreens and shrubs from the
ravages of red spider, which has done so much dam-
age recently.

SCALIX'E contains the properties of our well-known
fungicide, FUNGINE, thus making it an excellent
remedy for various blights effecting trees and hardy
stock.

Use it for your winter spraying of fruit trees and
become convinced of its general effectiveness.
A marked improvement on the old-fashioned kero-
sene emulsion — more effective and more economical.

What more can w-e say than has repeatedly been
said of Apliine in these columns.

Recognized by prominent private and commercial
growers a^ thr insecticide which excels all.

Oor Products are For Sale br All Up-to-Dale Seed Firms

APHINE MANUFACTURING COMPANY

Manufacturers of Agricultural Chemicals

MADISON, N. J.

Not a "cosy," but a busy corner
of our laboratory

^^i^i^J^

'i'^

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

WEATHERED
COMPANY

196 Orient Ave.,

Jersey City, N. J.

The Only Greenhouse Builders on this Continent Awarded

A Gold and Silver Medal

for GREENHOUSE CONSTRUCTION

Weathered's Patent Curved Eave Iron Frame Greenhouses

Erected at GEORGIAN COURT, LAKEWOOD, N. J.
For Mr. GEORGE JAY GOULD

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OK AMERICA.

BODDINGTON'S QUALITY

SWEET PEAS

We are headquarters for all the latest and most up-to-date varieties of Sweet Peas, and make a specialty of this grand annual. Our
collection has been thoroughly revised, synonyms and out-of-date varieties have been eliminated, wherever practical, and only those of
real merit retained. When you stop to consider that there are over six hundred named varieties, you will doubtless miss some old favorite
that you have known. No doubt we could procure you this variety ; we could certainly send a variety equally good.

The demand for the Spencer types almost exceeds that of the Unwin and Grandiflora types combined, and, if you wish a Fine Prize-
winning Collection, it is essential that you should favor this form of Sweet Peas. The flowers are larger than those of the ordinary
type, and bear, for the most part, four orchid-like flowers, that arc fluted and ruffled, on a stem.

If collections are wanted for exhibition purposes, we shall be glad to make suggestions.

THE AMERICAN S"WEET PEA SOCIETY'S SILVER MEDAL was awarded for our display at the society's Boston

Exhibition. July 13 and 14. 1912

At the exhibitions of the Nation. I .._ 1 - . :ierica, held at New York City, July 7 and 8, 1909, and July 12 and 13, igio,

we were awarded C. C. MORSE CO.'S SILVER CUP for the finest exhibit of Sweet Peas. Open to the trade only.

FOR THE FORTHCOMING 1913 EXHIBITION OF THE AMERICAN SWEET PEA SOCIETY. TO BE HELD IN BOSTON. MASS..

WE TAKE PLEASURE IN AGAIN OFFERING OUR

CHALLENGE SILVER CUP. Value $50

FOR A COLLECTION OF SWEET PEAS. 25 VARIETIES. NOT LESS THAN 25 STEMS TO A VASE. TO
BE SHOWN WITH SWEET PEA FOLIAGE ONLY. TO BE W^ON TWICE BY THE SAME EXHIBITOR

We -will aiss award to the vrlnner of this cup (each time ^von)
a cash prize of $25; $15 second prize, and $10 third prize

This Cup was won in New York City, 1910, by Hugh Birch, eardener to the Hon. Seth Low. Mt. Kisco. N. Y.; in Philadelphia, 1911, by William
Robertson, gardener to John Pepper, Esq., Jenkintown, Pa.; and in Boston, 1912, by Edwin Jenkins, gardener to Giiaud Foster, Lenox. Mass.

This is a page from our 1913 Garden Guide which has been mailed to all gardeners and superintendents.
If you do not receive a copy, drop us a post card.
WHEN IN THE CITY, CALL. ALWAYS WELCOME

ARTHUR T. BODDINGTON, Seedsman, 342 W. 14th Street, New York

CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA

EBRUARY. 1913

Ten Cents a Copy

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

Ne\v Fruit Houses at J. B. Duke's

THIS reproduction of our artist's drawing shows the third large range
of houses purchased from us for Mr. Duke's vast estate at Somer-
ville, N. J.
This last one Is situated just in front of the thirty curved eave houses
completed in 1909.

The entire group of new houses will be devoted to fruit.
The central house, 50 x 100 feet, is the orangery. The end houses, de-
voted to potted fruits, are each 35 x 42 feet, and the connecting houses, each
35 X 58 feet, are for peaches and nectarines.

It is said to be the largest single group of houses in this country devoted
solely to fruit.

Since writing this, it has been decided to substitute an extensive formal
garden in place of the pool shown in the illustration.

MR. A. A. MacDONALD, the Head Garde

Lord ^ Burnham Co.

SALES OFFICES
New York Boston Philadelphia Chicago

St. James Bldg. Tremont Bldg. Franklin Bank Bldg. Rookery Bldg.

Rochester — Granite Bldg. Toronto — 271 Jarvis St.

FACTORIES

Irvington, N. Y. Des Plaines, 111,

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

331

66 Years

The firm of Peter Henderson & Co. was founded
in I 847 and the 66 years of successful seed-raising and
selhng that is behind every packet of Henderson's seeds
must and does make them the best that it is possible to
buy. In your grandfather's day Henderson's was the
standard by which other seeds w^ere judged, and the
same condition exists in 1913. Our methods of seed
testing which were the best three generations ago have
been improved upon from year to year, and are today
still the best.

The unknown quantity in your garden and on your
grounds is the quality of the seeds you plant and you
cannot be too careful in seeing that you obtain the best
procurable. Possibly as critical planters as any, in the
choice of their seeds, are the market gardeners or truck
farmers. As an endorsement of the quality of Hender-
son's seeds, we take pride in the fact, that Peter Hen-
derson & Co. supply a larger number of professional
growers than any two seed houses in the world. The
very existence of these men depends upon their receiv-
ing the best quality of seeds, and Peter Hen-
derson & Co. are easily pre-eminent in the
professional grovs^ing field. Hendersons
seeds are tested seeds.

Our 1913 catalogue, "Everything for the
Garden," is the handsomest we have ever
issued. We shall be glad to send you a copy
without charge if you will mention the Gar-
deners' Chronicle.

PETER HENDERSON & CO.

35-37 Cortlandt Street
New York City

332

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

New Carnations

WM. ECCLES. The First Prize winner at Detroit
last year in- the Red or Scarlet class, and the Silver
Medal winner of the New York Horticultural Society
for the best undisseminated seedling.

The scarlet everyone was waiting for. Has a strong,
rigid stem, a perfectly formed 3>4-inch flower, non-
bursting calyx, higlily perfumed, a grand keeper, and
as free as any scarlet to date.

LADY NORTHCLIFFE. (Engelman.) A beautiful
Salmon pink in color, much resembling "Pink Delight."
Has a well built-up flower, and just enough in it not
to burst the calyx. While the flower is not the largest
(about 3 inches), it is fully as free as "May Day" and
will surely make a grand bread and butter sort.

BRITISH TRIUMPH. (Engelman.) One of the
finest things ever raised in England. The color is a
striking shade of Crimson. The flower is 3J4 inches in
size and well built up. It has the sweetest perfume of
any carnation ever raised and its keeping qualities are
the best. Has a fine stem, good constitution and free.

Prices, Rooted Cuttings, Doz $3.00; 100 $15.00

Prices, Out of 2^-inch Pots, Doz. .$3.50; 100 $20.00

SCOTT BROTHERS

Elmsford Nurseries
Elmsford New York

About This Very Greenhouse

ALL about it and a good deal about
some 50 others, is told and illustrated
in our new catalog. And splen-
did illustrations they are! Many of them
occupying a full page — one of the interiors
is printed in five colors. But. best of all. it
tells just the things you want to know and
in just the way that it's no trouble to find
them. That's the kind of catalog it is — the
kind of catalog 3-0U want if you want a
greenhouse. Glad to send you a copy.

Hitchings & Co.

NEW YORK PHILADELPHIA

1170 Broadway Pennsylvania Building

FACTORY— Elizabeth, N. J.

100 Nita Weldon. Ivory white, faint blush.
100 Margaret Molyneux. Saffron yellow,

bronze.
100 James Coey. Deep golden yellow.
100 Mrs. Hubert Taylor. Shell pink, petals white.

ELLIOTT AUCTION CO.

42 Vesey Street, New York

will open the season on Tuesday, March 18, at 11 A. M.,
by offering at Public Auction a large consignment of roses
of the following varieties — 10 in a lot.

1000 Mme. Grolez. Silver shaded yellow.
1000 Killarney. Flesh, suffused with pink.
500 Frau Karl Drushka. Beautiful white.
500 Mrs. John Laing. Soft pink.
1000 Magna Charta. Pink suffused carmine.
1000 Kaiserine Victoria. Creamy white, faintly tinted yellow.
1000 Gloire de Dyon. Coppery salmon yellow an Old Friend.
500 Jacks. Scarlet crimson.
1000 Testout. Soft rose.
500 U. Brunner. Cherry red.
100 Sol. d'Or. Orange yellow.
500 Paul Neyron. Deep rose, large.
100 Aug. Gunnseau. White La France
100 Theresa. Deep orange apricot. New.

100 Arthur Munt. Creamy ivory,
shaded 100 Walter Speed. Deep lemon yellow.

100 Chas. Curtis Harmon. Rich, shell pink.
100 Foley Ebotts. Imp. Killarney.

100 Leonard Peterii. Imp. Kaiserine Augusta.

Also Rhododendrons, Conifers, Hydrangeas, Magnolias, Valley, Clumps, Lilies, etc.
CONSIGNMENTS SOLICITED. WM. J. ELLIOTT, Auct.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. 333

International Flower Show Edition

of the

Gardeners' Chronicle

The "Boost" Number

will be published

March 15th, 1913

Its Readers-
Will be that class of buyers which demands the best pro-
duced in horticulture and floriculture, and for which it is
aWays w^illing to pay the best prices — the owners, super-
intendents and gardeners of private estates.

Its Contributors-
Will be the American leaders in floriculture and horti-
culture, private and commercial growers, and the pro-
fession engaged in the science of developing w^hat nature
alone produces.

Its Circulation-
Will be extended from coast to coast among those inter-
ested in the gardening profession, and w^ill be distributed
at the Grand Central Palace, Nevv^ York City, during the
entire shovv^.

Its Advertisers-
Will be those firms which discriminately place their ad-
vertising among those sources from w^hence they derive
the greatest results.

Are you one of them?

Advertising forms for the International Flov/er Show
Number close March 1 0th. To obtain good position re-
serve your space now^.

For all particulars, regarding advertising, address

Advertising Department

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

Madison, N. J.

334

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

tKfje Contentsi-Jfctiruarp, 1913

The Principles and Practice of Pruning.

Arthur Smith 355

Spraying Plants Indoors .... 339

Forest Thoughts. . .A. E. Campbell 340

Myosotis Alpestris . . . Ruth Fisher

With Illustration, Richard Rolhe 341

A Garden of Lilies. .Samuel A. Hamilton 342

Camera Snapshots . . . W. H. Waite 344

Youngest Part of Tree . . .W. Seville 344

Queries and Answers. .... 345

Here, There and Everywhere . . . 346

Damage by Gas. ..... 347

Editorials 350

The Gardener. .F. R. Meres 350

Association Notes. . . . . .351

International Flower Show. . . . 352

Philadelphia Spring Show.

Chicago Spring Show. . . . .

Carnation Culture . . With Illustrations

A. A. Pembroke

Controlling the Chestnut Bhght.

Verbenas . Illustrated, Wm. H. MacKenz

Vegetable Growing

National and Local Societies.

Gardeners' Diary .

Horticulture Society of N. Y

Annual Dinner . .

Society Meetings .

American Rose Society .

American Gladiolus Society .

Elberon Horticultural Society,

Westchester- Yonkers Bowling Match

353
353

354
356
357
358
360
361
361
361
362
364
364
364
364

Our Nursery, close to the 45th Parallel of Latitude — with Zero Temperature-
Means Sturdy, Rugged Trees and Plants — Insures Permanent Results.

^ Actual Size

" St. Regis Everbearing

The Raspberry for the Million and the
Millionaire. "There's Millions In It."

St. Regis produces continuously from
June to Nov. — heavy crops of large,
luscious, sugary berries of bright crim-
son. Bears first season planted.

Its summer and autumn crops do
not consist of a few scattered berries,
but good to heavy pickings all the time.
One party who had a small patch, ;<
an acre, picked and shipped from it two
to three pickings each week for four
months and his profits were enormous.

Grows successfully in any soil — en-
dures without injury heat, drought and
severest cold.

Hardy English
Walnut Trees

Rochester grown — hardier than
Peach Trees. For the lawn, the accli-
mated English Walnut is unmatched,
with its smooth, light gray bark, luxu-
riant, dark green foliage, lofty, sym-
metrical growth.

Our trees grown in a zero climate
the only kind you can plant with
safety in the North,

ENGLISH WALNUT CROPS
YIELD BIG PROFITS.

The demand for nuts is big and
prices high. Cultivation, harvesting
and maintenance are easy and inexpen-
sive. Whether you plant for decora-
tion or for profit, investigate accli-
mated English Walnuts.

y2 Actual Size

Hardy Acclimated Pecan

Trees for Planting in

Northern States

Here are Pecan Trees which will
thrive in Northern States — produc-
ing as prolifically and as profitably as
any Southern Pecans.

A shade-tree of wondrous beauty,
long the pride of the South, may now
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We control five varieties of hardy
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to "winter-kill." Successful in almost
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Oar \1913 Catalog and Planting Guide — Includes Nut Culture — Fruits, Roses, Shrubs, Evergreens, etc., mailed Free

GLEN BROTHERS, Inc., Glenwood Nursery (Est'd 1866), 2050 Main St., Rochester, N. Y.

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

OF AMERICA

DEVOTED TO THE SCIENCE OF FLORICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE

ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF

THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS

fiiOTANJCA.-

Vol. xix'V/

FEBRUARY, 1913.

Xo. 4.

The Principles and Practice of Pruning

By Arthur Smith.

There are few, if any, of the operations connected with
forestry, horticulture, or agriculture, which are not capa-
ble of being explained by scientific principles, these prin-
ciples being based upon natural laws.

The laws of nature are constant and unvaried in their
operations. Our knowledge of them has gradually been
built up by observation and experiment, involving a true
appreciation of the relations between cause and effect,
and science in its truest aspect gives a systematized ex-
planation of the results of these observations. At the
same time the more one knows of these scientific princi-
ples the greater is the apparent size of the unexplored
field.

The operation of pruning is therefore based upon cer-
tain well-defined principles, derived from the accumulated
knowledge acquired by many years of observation of
the effects produced by cutting away, etc., the branches
and other parts of plants.

These principles mainly divide themselves into two
objects which are carried out by removing portions of the
plant for, (1) lessening the struggle for existence amongst
the branches by the prevention of overcrowding, and for
(2) assisting nature by bringing about certain desired
effects which may be increase or decrease of wood ; in-
crease of quantity and quality of -flowers and fruit or
making a more shapely and better balanced head. In a
state of nature, plants — by which term we mean every-
thing from the largest forest trees downwards — produce
many more branches than persist, and dead and dying
branches are evidences amongst other things, of nature's
pruning. In Forestry the ideal is to produce long,
straight, clean timber : this is brought about by planting
closely, thereby causing nature to prune off the side
branches when they are very young, thus preventing the
formation of knot holes, and causing the maximum
. amount of growth to go into length of trunk. When a
large branch dies or is cut oft" there is a liability for the
resulting decay to penetrate into the trunk, especially if a
stub of any length remains. This is why it should be cut
off close to the truilk so that the bark cart grow over and
heal the wound. To prevent decay while the hark is ac-
complishing this, a covering of paint or tar should always
he applied and also the rough edge on the bark caused by
the saw should he shaved smooth by a sharp knife. This
latter operation causes the cambium or inner bark, which
is the living portion, to start new growth more quickly.

Lessening the struggle for existence amongst the
branches causes the remainder to receive more food and
energy, thus rendering them capable of producing more
flowers and fruit, and, what is of the greatest importance,
fruit of better quality.

When we take into consideration the period during
which pruning has been practiced, and the countless repe-
titions of similar actions, invariably ending in similar re-
sults, there is nothing unreasonable in assuming that a
sufficient number of facts have been observed to establish
a complete science or code of laws, the practical applica-
tion of which is easily carried out. But, like all other ap-
plications of science to an art, the operation of pruning
must be performed from an intelligent standpoint. In
this connection one must be careful to take into considera-
tion all facts and circumstances which may be called
■■fixed." such as soil, climate, species of tree, and whether
the object to be achieved is fruit or timber : a tree for
ornamental or utilitarian purposes.

It is therefore impossible to lay down hard and fast
rules of universal application. For instance, it is gen-
erally well known that different varieties of apples on the
same soil call for somewhat dift'erent treatment in the de-
tails of pruning ; also that the same varieties on another
soil do not give similar results with the same method.
This is no doubt the caiise for the various opinions which
exist among orchardists in respect to many of the details
of this operation. A man who for many years has
adopted a certain method with success in one locality, is
apt to jump to the conclusion that his system is applica-
ble everywhere. Such is not always the case. While the
underlyin.g principles are fixed their application nnist har-
monize in detail with one's environment.

In this connection I am afraid we do not experiment
enough ourselves. By taking several trees of a given
variety and giving them dift'erent treatment in the way
of pruning, taking care that all other things are equal,
we should ultimately arrive at a more or less correct so-
lution of the problem as connected with our own individ-
ual conditions.

It is impossible to over-estimate the importance of
pruning, or perhajis we should say, when and how to
prune and when not to prune at all. In the management
of plants in general, and in fruit culture especially, com-
plete success is not attained unless the principles are clear-
ly understood.

In nature there is a more or less general balance kept
u]). and a constant reciprocal action going on between
branches and roots ; and no one should prune without be-
ing satisfied of a reason for doing so, and of foreseeing
the influence and ultimate effect of such pruning.

.\s regards fruit, some growers say that the most satis-
ffictorv average crops arc produced in those orchards
where little, if any, pruning is done at all. Instances of
this no doubt exist, especially in the case of trees 25 or
more years old, but in all probability their present state is

336

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

due to judicious pruning in the past, and to the fact that
they have become "set," for as regards trees of this kind
it is in the earlier years of their growth that they require
the greatest amount of attention.

There is no shadow of doubt that injuries to trees and
losses to fruit growers caused by vicious and altogether
iiimecessary pruning have been very great, yet it would
certainly be erroneous to state that by reason of this, trees
should not be pruned at all.

It is always judicious to thin out the tops of fruit trees
when the branches become overcrowded, so as to let in a
sufficient amount of sunlight and air, without which fruit
cannot be produced. But an indiscriminate removal of
branches or the shortening of shoots, every year upon
every tree, as a matter of routine, without any special ob-
ject in view, will, sooner or later, work harm.

One important point in connection with pruning is to
know when to do it. It has been said that when pruning
is required it can be done any time that the knife is
sharp. An attempt to reduce this question to an axiom
has been made by formulating the following rule : Prune
in summer for fruit and in winter for zuood; but perhaps
no advice has been so vague and disappointing in its
practical application as this.

The principle upon w-hich the advice, "Prune in sum-
mer for fruit" is based, recognizes that barrenness is often
the result of too much wood growth, and that any process
tending to reduce an excessive amount of this will favor
the production of flowers and fruit. But, while the prin-
ciple is correct, it must be borne in mind that by the con-
stant removal of foliage in summer the vitality of a tree
is greatl\- weakened, and further, the usefulness of sum-
mer pruning depends upon conditions which cannot al-
ways be seen or controlled.

The difficulties encountered with pruning in summer
are sometimes perplexing. For example, if the growing
shoots of an apple or pear are checked in their extension,
say at the end of June, the lower buds or shoots will be
forced into growth, thus forming numerous side branches,
or, as they are sometimes termed, sub-laterals, which
have no immediate connection with fruiting spurs, and
which will merely tend to the formation of a further
thicket of small branches to be removed in the winter.
But if the shoots are not checked until August, and the
weather afterwards keeps moderately dry, the probabili-
ties are that the lower buds upon these shoots will start
into short spur-like growths which will ultimately furnish
fruiting buds. If. however, the early autumn happens to
be wet, these sub-laterals will lengthen into slender twigs
which will be of no use whatever. The difficulty in reach-
ing successful results lies in the uncertainty as to the best
time to prune, because no two seasons are exactly alike,
but, as will be presently pointed out, pruning, as under-
stood by cutting away shoots and branches, need rarely be
necessary upon spur-bearing trees. But supposing it has
become absolutely necessary to cut away growing wood,
either from previous neglect or other causes, as a general
rule any time during autumn, winter or early spring may
be chosen.

When the object is the thinning out of thickly branched
trees, the season is not of much importance and the work
may be performed at the most convenient time ; but when
it is decided to remove certain branches for the purpose
of giving additional vigor to those remaining, it is better
to prune early in the autumn immediately after the fruit
is picked without waiting for the leaves to fall. If the
operation is performed at this time the succeeding growth
of the remainder will be stronger than if left until tlie
spring. This is explained by the fact that during the
autumn anrl to a greater or less extent during the winter,
plants continue to i"ore or less absorb food b}' their roots

which in the case of trees is disseminated to all portions
of their structure and thus increasing the size and
strength of the buds. As the flow of sap is always di-
rected to the extreme points of shoots, the highest buds
are the most fully developed ; therefore, wdien pruning is
delayed until the spring, and the points or upper branches
removed at that time, all the food accumulated in those
portions is wasted and to that extent the plant is weak-
ened. On the other hand when pruning is done early in
the autumn, the buds which are retained will benefit by
the accumulated nutriment, which would otherwise have
been distributed over a greater number, and these will in
consequence start more vigorously in the spring, advance
more rapidly in the summer, and their maturity will be
greatly hastened.

From this another factor may be deduced, that late
spring pruning has a decided influence in retarding
growth at that season and in the early summer, hence the
operation may be purposely delayed until just before
growth starts, when the object is to diminish early luxuri-
ance ; this, for instance, would be applicable in a district
where late spring frosts are frequent.

In the case of old orchards which have been neglected
it is often necessary to "dishorn" them; that is, cut away
the limbs so as to form an entirely new top. This oper-
ation is worth doing only when the trunk is sound and
healthy. It is generally better to spread this operation
over two seasons by cutting away one side each year, or
in the case of exceptionally large trees, it is as well to
take three years in doing the work so as to lessen the
shock to the vitality of the tree. The result will be a
considerable growth of what are known as "water-
sprouts." If they are very thick a slight thinning will
be advantageous, but not too much, as it is necessary to
have the maximum production of leaves to elaborate the
sap and keep up as much as possible the vitality of the
limb. After the leaves have fallen the surplus over those
required for the new branches can be cut away.

If trees are properly managed from the earliest period
of their existence, pruning, in the sense of using a knife
or saw, should rarely be necessary, excepting in special
cases to be alluded to later on. The best method of prun-
ing is that of pinching or disbudding, and is really the most
scientific mode of removing or preventing growth that
is not wanted, without harm to the plant. Pinching is the
checking of shoots at an early stage of their growth by
removing their extreme points by a pinch between the fin-
ver and thumbs without the further removal of foliage.
This operation retards for a time the extension of such
shoots, causes additional growth in other buds, and de-
velops shoots where a greater extension is desired.

Disbudding is the removal of buds or very young
shoots, and is of similar effect to pinching. These are the
best ways of directing the growth of plants, and if proper-
ly carried out there would be little necessity for winter
pruning or the removal of branches at any time.

It certainly must appeal to the common sense of most
people that it cannnot be right to allow a tree to make
growths of wood during the summer merely to be cut
out during the viinter. From the s'tandpoint of labor
there is obviously a saving in rubbing ofT a bud in May
instead of cutting a branch six months afterwards. The
great waste of vital energy where the growth of a whole
season is undisturbed until the wood is matured is also a
factor of great importance.

The use of the knife is necessary when trees are trans-
planted. Although with ordinary care the destruction or
mutilation of roots when lifting trees may be reduced to
a minimum, yet it is rarely that the whole of the roots
are secured. It is always essential to the well-being of a
tree when transplanted that the branches be reduced as

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

337

much as is necessary to restore the balance between roots
and branches which existed before the tree was dug up.
This balance is generally an unknown quantity, and it is
always better to give the roots the benefit of any doubt by
pruning the branches rather severely.

It has been argued against severe pruning at the time of
transplanting that, since the growth of roots is dependent
upon the action of leaves, the destruction, or rather, the
prevention of the formation of leaves by pruning the
branches will retard the growth of roots just when they
are most needed. This is doubtless true from one point
of view, but the evaporation of moisture from leaves has
to be taken into consideration. If the leaves are not re-
duced the juices of the tree will be exhausted by leaf
evaporation before the roots become sufficiently active to
supply the demand, and before the roots are renewed or
regain their activity the plant may be completely drained
of its sap, and then, of course, perish.

Root growth is not, however, always dependent upon
a simultaneous action of foliage. Trees planted in the
autumn (say early in October) will immediately com-
mence to form fresh roots, and will continue to do so
more or less far into the winter, the period being greatly
lengthened by having the ground above the roots well
mulched. In the absence of leaves there is practically no
loss from evaporation, so that the sap of the tree will
furnish material for root growth, instead of being ex-
hausted in the air. The condition of the soil, too, is more
favorable in autumn for root growth than in the spring,
as it is at that time several degrees warmer than the air,
while there is no tendency to growth by the buds, so
that in autumn planting less pruning will be required.
All other things being equal, an autumn planted tree will
make more vigorous growth the following summer than
one planted in the spring.

Another part of a growing tree which it is sometimes
necessary to prune is the root.

It is, perhaps, difficult to solve all the reasons which will
influence a plant to convert some of its buds into flowers
while others will only produce shoots. There are, how-
ever, certain facts, which have been established by ob-
servation, upon which reliance can be placed.

One of the most apparent certainties in this connection
is, that rapid and luxuriant growth and a fruitful habit do
not simultaneously exist in the same plant. Young trees
if very vigorous, do not fruit, or at all events produce
very little. When a tree has reached a fruit-bearing size
and age, and shows no indication of fruiting but con-
tinues to maintain a vigorous growth of wood, it is evi-
dently barren from excessive lu.xuriance and judicious
root-pruning will have the effect of diminishing the
growth of wood and encouraging the formation of fruit
buds. Cutting away excessive growth in trees of this
habit will only aggravate the evil.

While it is a fact that circumstances which tend to
check rapid vegetation are more favorable to the produc-
tion of flower buds than of leaf buds, care must be taken
tliat the circimistances are such that do not affect the
health of the individual plant.

The non-fruiting of trees is often caused by the roots
going down into the subsoil, and in a case of this kind the
roots so growing must be cut off. This is generally
caused by bad planting and after neglect. Our fore-
fathers used to sometimes place paving stones under fruit
trees to prevent this, but as a matter of fact, if a tree is
properly planted in well-prepared soil and then sufficiently
fed by top dressing, the roots will not attempt to go
down and the natural instinct of the plant will cause it
to send its roots where they can find food.

Thus far the subject has been very briefly dealt with
in a general w'ay, but it may be useful to shortly consider
it specially with reference to different kinds of trees.

The heads of all orchard fruit trees should be started
low down, about two feet above the ground, to facilitate
spraving and picking. For private gardens the dwarfs
are the best to plant, and I believe the time will come
when these will also be considered the best for com-
mercial purposes.

The first prmning necessary is when the trees are
planted, the next will be with idea of forming a well-
shaped top. To secure this attention mtist be grven to the
arrangement and equality of growth of the young shoots
from the earliest possible moment in the tree's life. If any
of the shoots show superior vigor to the detriment of

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THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

others of equal iniportaiice for future branches, the points
of such shoots should be pinched off, but care should be
taken to remove as little foliage as possible, the object be-
ing not to weaken, but to equalize growth. If the pinch-
ing and disbudding have been intelligently and systemat-
ically carried out there will be no necessity for using the
knife. If more branches are deemed necessary they can
be readily obtained by pinching the points of leading
shoots during the early stages of growth, which will cause
the formation of side shoots of which a selection can be
made and the others rubbed off. It is not well to start a
young tree with too many branches, as they soon become
crowded.

The APPLE. — In many ways the apple is the most
difficult tree to prune under a general system, as its
varieties all differ more or less in their manner of growth,
some having a greater tendency to make wood than others,
and also the same kinds differ according to soil and
climate. As a general rule three branches placed as
equally as possible around the tree are sufficient for the
main framework. When these have made about 12 inches
of growth they should be stopped and three shoots allowed
to grow from them. In trees of spreading habit this
process may be continued longer than with one of an up-
right growing habit. In the latter case outside shoots
should always be chosen so as to leave the center open to
the sun and air. By choosing inner or outer buds as the
case may be, an upright growing tree may be made
more spreading and a spreading one more upright, ac-
cording to the desire of the grower.

The PEAR. — Forming the head of the pear is prac-
tically a similar process to that of the apple. Pears do not
vary much in their habits of growth. Like the apple it
produces its fruit on spurs which develop upon wood of
two or more years' growth, but the pear often produces
fruiting spurs upon older wood than the apple. Pomol-
ogists of the U. S. Department of Agriculture advise that
fruiting spurs upon large branches of the pear be re-
moved before the flowers open, as the pear blight enters
through the flower into the branch. When a more or
less large branch is thus attacked the entire branch has
eventually to be removed and the tree greatly spoiled.
By confining the fruiting spurs to the smaller branches
their removal in the case of an attack of blight does com-
paratively little damage.

The PLUM and CHERRY. —Without minimizing the
importance of controlling the growth of apples and pears
by pinching and disbudding, it is more important that the
plum and cherry should never be pruned with a knife, as
they are both very liable to gum exudation. They bear their
fruit upon spurs and after reaching a fruiting state make
comparatively little wood, and the branches may be
allowed to remain in greater number than is advisable in
the case of apples.

Taking these four species as a whole, the main object in
pruning is to economize and train the growth by pinching
and disbudding, and not permit the extravagant waste
of energy, of allowing an accunnilation of yearly growths
to mature and then removing and throwing them away as
waste, as is done when all pruning is left until the trees
are dormant.

The PEACH. — This tree stands in a distinct class as
it produces its fruit upon the young wood of the previous
year's growth.

There is probably no question connected with pruning
upon which so many divergent opinions exist as how to
prune the peach. This is not to be wondered at when
we consider that this fruit is grown over a wider range
of latitude than, for instance, the apple. Also, as in the
case of the latter, soil conditions are often dominating
factors in causing difference of practice. It is apparent

that a s)'stem which has stood the test of time upon sandy
soils where the tree grows slowly and produces hard
wood, is -not likely to be the best upon those of a heavy
character where the growth is rapid and the trees produce
an abundance of soft wood. These differences of opinion
have centered more around the shape of the tree and
heading in than anything else. I believe that the best
method is to have as little trunk as possible, starting the
main branches almost close to the ground and training
the tree to a vase shape, keeping the center open. This
will enable the first three or four crops to be picked en-
tirely from the ground. At the same time the tree should
be allowed to grow without heading in. The act of prun-
ing the peach can be made a fruit-thinning process. When
a tree has produced a thick growth of young shoots fairly
well covered with fruit buds one should never hesitate in
thinning them out. This will throw more strength into
the remainder and thereby produce fruit of better quality.

The peach has the credit of being a very short-lived
tree, but I venture to think that its life may be consid-
erably prolonged by proper treatment. The primary con-
dition in extending its years of usefulness is keeping the
trunk healthy and free from borers. Then, when the
main branches begin to show signs of age and the tree
is getting too tall, cut back the old branches to short stubs,
thereby securing an entirely new head. This cutting back
should not be delayed too long as the ideal to be ainied at
with the peach is a continual growth of healthy young
wood each year.

It may be mentioned in passing, what, after all, most
people are aware of, that peaches never do very well on
heavy clay soils : but the private gardener is generally ex-
pected to produce something of everything, irrespective
of the kind of .soil he has to deal with. In a case of this
kind it will be found that the peach will do much better
if worked upon plum stock. Also, the plum should be
worked upon peach stock for sandy soil, where plums are
generally a failure.

XECTARLXES are little grown. They produce their
fruit on the same growth of wood as the peach and re-
quire the same treatment.

GRAPES fruit only upon shoots which grow from the
wood made .during the previous year. \\'ith this fruit the
finger and thumb should be in constant use during the
whole of the growing season so as to throw all the strength
possible into the fruit, bearing in mind the necessity for
plenty of foliage to mature the fruit and of renewal of
canes for the following year. There are many "systems"
of training the grape, but the requirements in the way of
pruning are practically the same in them all.

GOOSEBERRIES and RED CURRAXTS.— These
are always grown in bush form, as standards have never
been a success in this country. They produce their fruit
upon spurs growing from the older wood, the best being
usually found upon that of two years old. The branches
should not be less than about 7 inches apart so that they
can fruit all the way up, which cannot take place where
they are much crowded. The principal object to be aimed
at is as many healthy fruiting spurs as possible. To this
end no wood over four years old should be allowed to
remain and a renewal system should be followed so as
to have a supply of young branches to take the place of
the older ones from year to year. To secure this there
must be constant feeding and the ground is better cov-
ered with mulch during the summer so that the roots are
kept as cool as possible. BLACK CURRANTS fruit on
young wood of which a constant supply must be kept up
and to this end caimot well have too liberal treatment in
the way of food. Obviously, the old wood must be cut
awav from time to time.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

339

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RASPBERRIES. — These fruit upon the canes grown
the previous summer. As soon as the fruit is gathered
the old canes should be cut away and the new ones
thinned out where necessary to enable those which
are left to become fully ripe before the winter. At this
time the young canes should be topped, although some
prefer to leave the topping until just before growth starts
m the spring. The fruiting season is prolonged by cut-
ting some of the canes down to half their length.
Newly transplanted canes should not be allowed to fruit
the first year, but cut down to about 18 inches from the
ground. BLACKBERRIES require the same treatment,
excepting that the canes should not be stopped.

FLOWERING SHRUBS.— The less pruning these
have the better, and shearing them should never be as
much as thought of. A shrub should always have room
enough to grow in a natural manner and this is the only
way its real beauty can be obtained.

In the course of years, especially upon rich soil, shrubs
sometimes become very dense, so much so that the center
shoots begiij to die. Before things go so far as this some
of the oldest wood should be cut out close to the ground
so as to encourage the younger growth which is always
the most floriferous. If it happens that a rampant
growing species should stretch out so far as to cause a
less vigorous one near to be in danger of becoming
smothered, the ofifending branch or branches should be
cut out close to the ground, not shortened, as the latter
method alwaVs spoils the look of a shrub.

The necessary exception to every rule is, in this con-
nection, the

HYDRANGEA. — This should be severly pruned back
every spring before growth starts. The immediate re-
sult is an eyesore, for which the ultimate efi'ect both in
quantity and quality of flowers more than compensates.

When for any reason it is considered necessary to use
a knife upon a flowering shrub, it should always be borne
in mind that some species form their flow-er buds the
previous year.

I cannot perhaps conclude this article better than by
putting a previous remark into an axiom, that (with the
exceptions which are obvious from what has been stated
above) it is better to use the finger and thumb today than
a knife six months hence.

INTERNATIONAL FLOWER SHOW

NEW YORK

APRIL 5-12, I9I3

SPRAYING PLANTS INDOORS.

The necessity of spraying to keep down insect, pests
and plant diseases in connection with all outdoor horticul-
tural pursuits becomes more apparent every year. It is
even more necessary in connection with indoor plant
growing on account of the more unnatural conditions
prevailing in the greenhouse and w'indow, such as a dry,
arid atmosphere produced by artificial heat and lighting,
or possibly an impure atmosphere produced by gas fumes.
No better element to counteract the bad effect of these
last-named on plant life can be found than moisture,
whether by water applied directly to the plant or as a
vapor induced by the process of evaporation.

Not only is a moist atmosphere and moisture necessary
for the health of plants from a cultural point of view, but
it is just as necessary as a preventive of insect pests, few
of which can exist or endure the direct application of
water or thrive in an atmosphere impregnated with mois-
ture. The dry and almost super-heated atiuosphere out
of doors in summer are ideal conditions for the increase
and spread of insect pests.

Tropical climates, where a moist, humid atmosphere
prevails, are almost immune from many of the insect
pests that are common here. Hence the desirability of
moisture to counteract aridity arising from the artificial
heat that prevails in our dwellinghouses in winter. At
the same time, it is quite possible to go to the other ex-
treme by injudicious spraying, that will induct plant dis-
ease in some form, more especially with the more tender
foliaged plants.

All greenhouse men know the absolute necessity there
is for spraying or syringing in greenhouses. A few
words on the main points may be of service to those who
have small greenhouses.

The spraying or syringing of plants should be a dis-
tinct and separate operation from the watering proper.
If the two operations, watering at the roots and spraying,
are attempted at the same time, neither of them can be
done successfully. Either the plants are soddened with
too much water or some are missed altogether. Water
the plants as required at the roots first, then do the
spraying after.

I have seen batches of small plants and many
fine speciment plants badly injured by the care-
less ajiplication of water to the foliage under heavy
pressure from the hose. A fine spray, thoroughly applied
so as not to miss any part of the plant that requires
spraying, is better than a heavy application only partially
applied. Thorough, not necessarily heavy, applications
are quite as necessary in all spraying operations as the
proper mixing of the material if insecticides are applied.

Glaucous or glossy leaved plants, can be sprayed very

340

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA.

frequently. The rougher or hairy-leaved plants should
not be sprayed so frequently or heavily. A few kinds,
such as Rex Begonia, gloxinias, tuberous-rooted begon-
ias, having hirsute or hairy foliage, are best not sprayed
at all, if it can possibly be dispensed with.

There are very few plants that can be syringed or
spread overhead when in full bloom without danger or
injury to the flowers. The tender texture of the petals
of most flowers are very easily injured if allowed to
remain in a damp condition for any length of time.
If the foliage of plants in flower has to be sprayed, it is
best to spray froin underneath rather than over the top.
The moisture will thus reach the part of the foliage where
insect pests are usually found, and it will not injure the
blooms so much as overhead spraying. An angle nozzle
on the syringe or hose that will give an up-cast spray is
advisable for greenhouse work.

The temperature of the greenhouse should not be al-
lowed to rise unduly high on flowering plants when they
have been syringed or spra)-ed. A high temperature and
a very humid atmosphere will often damage many of the
more tender blooms without actual contact with water.
Open the ventilators a little to allow the heated humid
air to escape after spraying flowering plants, so as to
avoid damage to the blooms. The best time to spray
flowering plants is in the morning on fine bright days.

It is scarcely possible to have a too humid atmosphere
for foliage plants. The treatment of these in regard to
spraying is directly opposite in many respects to that of
flowering plants. Both overhead and underneath spray-
ing can be indulged in freely with all kinds of foliage
plants, such as palms, crotons, dracaenas, and similar
plants. The best time to syringe or spray these plants is
in the afternoon while the sun is still shining a little on
the house. By spraying thoroughly at this time of the
day and closing the ventilators up tight, a dense humid

vapor almost like steam is caused that is very beneficial
to the plants as well as helping to keep down the insect
pests most common and injurious to them, viz., thrip,
red spider, and mealy bug. The floors and heating pipes
can also be dampened at closing-up time to increase the
humidity. If foliage plants are sprayed in the morning,
except perhaps in very cold weather in winter, ventilation
must be given before the hot sun strikes the house, or
the plants must be shaded in some way to prevent "scald"
or "burning" of the foliage. Many fine palms and sim-
ilar plants are often ruined, especially in early spring, for
want of shade or ventilation to prevent this scalding or
burning of the foliage.

It becomes necessary to spray plants with liquid in-
secticides sometimes as a remedy or preventive of insect
pests or disease. Spraying has to a very great extent
superseded fumigation in greenhouses for this purpose,
being more direct in its efi'ect on many insect pests and
diseases, more economical to use, and often less in-
jurious to many forms of plant life than fumigation.

In spraving operations, as with everything else in con-
nection with horticultural operations, do not neglect do-
ing it until it is too late. "An ounce of prevention is
better than a pound of cure." And when spraying, spray
thoroughlv. — Canadian Horticulturist.

FOREST THOUGHTS.

May each new leaf an idea bring
Of love of woods, a bird to sing,
A flower to bloom, a tree, a spring.

The arms of trees in reverence raise
Their supplication and their praise.
The praver to Man, the praise to God

— A. E. Campbell.

BURNETT'S BLUE RIBBON

Collection of Vegetable Seeds for Exhibition

Beans — Burnett's Giant Stringless Greenpod. Pt. 20c.,

qt. 3Sc., pk. $2.50.
Burnett's Improved Golden Wax. Pt. 20c., qt. 35c.,

pk. $2.50.
Beet — Burnett's Improved Crimson Globe. Oz. 20c..

'4 lb. 60c.
Brussels Sprouts — Burnett's Supreme. Pkt. 15c., oz. 50c.
Cabbage— Burnett's Bass Rock. Pkt. 10c. , oz. 40c.,

■4 lb. $1.25.
Carrot — Burnett's Paris Exhibition. Pkt. 10c. , oz. 40c.,

'4 lb. $1.25.
Cauliflower — Burnett's Selected Snowball. Pkt. 25c.,

U oz. $1.25, oz. $4.00.
Celery — Burnett's Improved White Plume. Pkt. 10c. ,

oz. 35c., 14 lb. $1.00.
Corn— Burnett's Metropolitan. Pt. 20c., qt. 35c., pk. $2.00.
Burnett's Country Gentleman. Pt. 20c., qt. 40c., pk.

$2.25.
Cucumber — Burnett's North Pole. Pkt. 25c.
Egg Plant— Burnett's Black Beauty. Pkt. 10c. , oz. 50c.,

'^ lb. $1.50.
Kohl Rabi — Burnett's Early White Vienna. Pkt. 5c. , oz.

30c., ^ lb. 85c.
Leek — Burnett's Waverlev Market. Pkt. 15c., oz. 50c.

Lettuce — Burnett's Improved Bia; Boston. Pkt. 5c., oz.

20c.. '4 lb. 50c.
Burnett's Balmoral. Pkt. 10c. , oz. 25c.. '4 lb. 75c.
Muskmelon — Burnett's Emerald Gem. Pkt. 10c. , oz.

25c., li lb. 75c. __ •

Onion — Burnett's Ailsa Craig. Pkt. 15c., oz. 75c., Y^ lb.

$2.50.
Burnett's Enormous. Pkt. 20c., oz. 75c.. '4 lb. $2.50.
Parsley — Burnett's Emerald Isle. Pkt. 10c. . oz. 25c.,

'4 lb. 75c.
Parsnip — Burnett's Improved American Hollow Crown.

Pkt. 5c.. oz. 10c. , 1.4 lb. 30c.
Peas— Burnett's Danbv Strategem. Pt. 30c.. qt. SOc,

pk. $3.50.
Burnett's Gradus or Prosperity. Pt. 35c.. qt. 60c., pk.

$4.00.
Pepper — Burnett's Monarch. Pkt. 15c., oz. 50c.
Salsify — Burnett's Imp. Mammoth Sandwich Island.

Pkt. 5c., oz. 20c., 14 lb. SOc.
Squash — Burnett's Imp. Early White Bush Scallop.

Pkt. Sc. oz. 10c. , ;4 lb. 30c.
Burnett's English Vegetable Marrow. Pkt. 10c. , oz.

15c.. % lb. 35c.
Tomato — Burnett's Liberty. Pkt. 15c., oz. 50c.
Turnip — Burnett's Early White Milan. Pkt. 5c.. oz. 15c.,

'4 lb. 30c.

1913 Catalogue Free on Application

BURNETT BROTHERS, ^^^f?^

72 CORTLANDT STREET (Phone 2223 cor.iand) NEW YORK

Myosotis Alpestris Ruth Fisher

By Richard Rothe

Plant novelties in the imagination of sanguine out-
siders frequently figure as gold mines. The other ex-
treme personified by the incorrigible sceptic from the
very start is habitually looking at them as swindle. True,
we have sometimes witnessed the launching of new
introductions represented as comets which, under practi-
cal telescope turned out to be mere fizzles. As a matter
of fact, however, the time has very nearly passed for both
illusions and bustle. Leading plant firms in carefully
safeguarding the interests of their patronage are going
that far to maintain expensive trial grounds for the pur-
pose of ascertaining the ascribed qualities and merits of
new plants before listing them. We have a rich and
fully up-to-date garden literature with works on all the
important specialties at prices well down in reach of those
with a moderate income at our disposal. A vigilant
horticultural press as medium for distributing practical
knowledge and scientific enlightenment is watchful to
thwart any attempt of preying on the unaware. It is
therefore safe to say that novelties on the pages of cata-
logues of leading firms or heralded by our jovirnals, as a
rule possess the qualities attributed to them. A novelty
easy to propagate and otherwise offering no cultural
conundrums to solve soon appears on the list of standard
varieties. Perplexities in the growing part very often
seals its fate on the trial grounds of the nursery. It is
doomed to oblivion before its existence is generally
known. This, apparently, has been the case with the new
forget-me-not Myosotis Alpestris Ruth Fisher. Favora-
bly commented on by the European press, I ordered a
number of packages of seed and received them at novelty
price with the customary limited contents. The growth
of my small stock of plants during the first summer hap-

pened to be discouragingly slow and the reward, the fol-
lowing spring, consisted of a few flowers. Color and
size induced me to proceed in the culture of the plants,
which showed remarkable large and dark glossy green
foliage, and, on transplanting, divided admirably well.
At the close of the second season I had nearly ICO stocky
plants, which, after being over-wintered in a cold frame
under protection of a thin leaf-covering and broad shut-
ters, were used in planting a new rock garden the fol-
lowing April. About six week later I took the picture of
my stock of Myosotis Alpestris Ruth Fisher, which is re-
produced in our illustration. Needless to say, it fully
justified the description given by the introducers. The
uniform low and compact growth, the marvclously free-
flowering habit, and excellent general effect attracted
the attention of visitors at a glance. Orders for seeds
and plants were numerous, but — Ruth Fisher proved a
very shy seeder. It is that kind of novelty which on the
trial grounds of the nursery must be passed on as un-
profitable for commercial use. A verdict of necessity,
dictated by our commercial age, and this usually decides
the issue as to the future of the floral debutant. Alodern
wholesale production impossible, there remains, however,
the constant desire of garden owners for "something that
not everybody else has got." The superior floral and
ornamental merit of this new forget-me-not variety es-
tablished, other growers may succeed more easily as
your writer did. Well done, it is a charming bedding
plant, also adapted for potting and flowering under glass.
In making my experiences known, I unhesitatingly recom-
mend the cultivation of Myosotis Ruth l*"isher to pro-
gressive private gardeners. It is a gem among forget-
me-nots and will remain a variety of distinction and com-
parative rarity when properly cared for.

XEW FORGET-MKNOT— MVOSOTIS ALPESTRIS RUTH FISHER.

A Garden of Lilies

By Samuel A. Hamilton

One can hardly name a family of plants which will
give as much and as beautiful bloom for so long a period
as do the lilies and which require and receive so little
attention once they are safely established. There is the
sticking point — the establishment of the lily garden — for
there are many other plants which are more easy to
establish than lilies, but with knowledge and care it can
be done, and they will increase in beauty from year to
year.

Lilies are somewhat exacting as to the nature of the
soil in which they will do their best, and are intolerant of
fresh manure. When called in to diagnose the case of a
fine clump of Liiiiim auratum which was dying, on taking
up the clump I found that it had been planted early in
th